Increased serum levels of soluble CD14 indicate stable multiple sclerosis

Biological Markers for Multiple Sclerosis

“…sCD14 levels correlate inversely with the clinical activity of the disease in MS patients with significantly increased levels in MS patients with stable disease compared to patients with an acute relapse or a progressive disease. Corroborating this result, a decrease in sCD14 levels during relapse could be observed in longitudinally analyzed patients [124]. The role of sCD14 in autoimmune disease is unknown but the differences in sCD14 levels might reflect a differential activation and role of the innate immune system in different inflammatory activities of MS.…”

“…As a pattern recognition receptor of microbial products CD14 is known to be an essential mediator of inflammation in innate host defense but has also been shown to be involved in the noninflammatory phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages [115,116]. A soluble form of CD14 (sCD14) can be detected in serum or plasma and elevated serum levels of sCD14 have been reported in MS patients but also in other organ specific autoimmune diseases [117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124]. sCD14 levels correlate inversely with the clinical activity of the disease in MS patients with significantly increased levels in MS patients with stable disease compared to patients with an acute relapse or a progressive disease.…”

Lack of association of the CD14/C −159T polymorphism with susceptibility and progression parameters in Turkish multiple sclerosis patients

“…There are high sCD14 levels of patients with RRMS compared to healthy controls (Brettschneider et al, 2002;Lutterotti et al, 2006). Lutterotti et.…”

“…Recent studies mostly concentrated on the sCD14 levels in different MS subgroups with different disease activity as well as the effect of immunomodulatory treatment on serum or plasma CD14 levels (Brettschneider et al, 2002;Lutterotti et al, 2006). However the effect of CD14 polymorphism on sCD14 levels and disease progression in a single subgroup of MS, RRMS, is still a question.…”

CD14: A Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptor in Milk

“…CD14 is an APP, and several clinical studies have reported increased serum levels of sCD14 in a range of inflammatory conditions (Bas et al, 2004). Higher serum levels are associated with several insulin-resistance-related phenotypes (Fernandez-Real et al, 2003), systemic lupus erythematosus (Egerer et al, 2000), atopic dermatitis (Wuthrich et al, 1992), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (Stoiser et al, 1998), angina (Zalai et al, 2001), preterm labor even in the absence of infection (Gardella et al, 2001), multiple organ failure (Endo et al, 1994), rheumatoid arthritis (Horneff et al, 1993;Yu et al, 1998), multiple sclerosis (Lutterotti et al, 2006), Kawasaki disease (Takeshita et al, 2000), and Gaucher's disease (Hollak et al, 1997). These associations may reflect CD14's capacity to bind to nonmicrobial factors such as monosodium urate crystals (Scott et al, 2006), host heat shock proteins (Kol et al, 2000), integrins (Humphries & Humphries, 2007), surfactant proteins (Sano et al, 2000), atherogenic lipids, and lipoproteins (Schmitz & Orso, 2002), but they also suggest that sCD14 may modulate host immune responses to other ''danger'' signals besides those of microbial origin.…”