“…Heat-treated wheat flours are used in many products such as cakes, biscuits, coatings, sauces, baby foods, and thickeners (Neill, Ala'a, & Magee, 2012). Heat treatment of the flours was found as an alternative treatment to chlorine gas treatment, which increases flour water holding capacity and decreases gluten elasticity to produce baked goods with greater volume, finer texture, and finer grain (Johnson, Hoseney, & Ghaisi, 1980;Nakamura, Koshikawa, & Seguchi, 2008;Ozawa & Seguchi, 2006;Yamamoto, Worthington, Ng, & Finney, 1994). The high temperature and prolonged heat treatment methods as a replacement for chlorination were patented by Russo and Doe (1970) and Hanamoto and Bean (1979).…”