Increased β2-microglobulin in both parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva from patients with Sjögren's syndrome

Proteomic diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome

“…Regarding cystatins expression, a discrepancy was observed between Ryu and colleagues [80], and Giusti and coworkers [81]. Unlike Ryu and colleagues [80] who found an increase in cystatin C, the latter study showed a reduction in cystatin SN precursor and very few or a total absence of other Increased [54] Michalski et al (1975) β2-microglobulin Increased [55] Mandel et al (1976) IgA Increased [56] Tabak et al (1978) Lactoferrin Increased [57] Ghozlan et al (1978) IgG and IgM Differentially expressed [58] Moutsopoulos et al (1980) Lysozyme Increased [59] Pennec et al (1982) β2-microglobulin, IgA, IgG, IgM and lysozyme Increased [60] Stuchell et al (1984) Albumin, IgA, IgG and lactoferrin Increased [61] Tsianos et al (1985) α-amylase, IgG and IgA Decreased [62] Fox et al (1987) Albumin Increased [63] Friberg et al (1988) Kallikrein Unchanged [64] Jezequel et al (1989) Lactoferrin Unchanged [65] Bianucci et al (1992) β2-microglobulin Increased [66] Markusse et al (1992) β2-microglobulin, lysozyme and lactoferrin Increased [67] van der Geest et al (1993) β2-microglobulin Increased [68] Mogi et al (1994) β2-microglobulin Increased [69] Maddali Bongi et al (1995) β2-microglobulin, IgA and IgM Increased [70] van der Reijden (1996) Albumin, cystatin C and S, and IgA Increased [71] Carpenter et al (2000) β2-microglobulin, IgA, lactoferrin Increased [72] Almstäh et al (2001) Albumin Increased …”

β2-Microglobulin as a negative regulator of the immune system: high concentrations of the protein inhibit in vitro generation of functional dendritic cells

“…These represent the normal levels of ␤ 2 M in healthy persons 5,6 and elevated levels under pathologic conditions. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] According to the data collected in our Institute from more than 1000 myeloma patients, serum ␤ 2 M can be as high as 80 mg/L (80 g/mL). One might expect much higher concentrations of ␤ 2 M in tumor sites.…”

“…Selection of the concentration of 20 g/mL ␤ 2 M for these and other experiments in this study was based on our preliminary tests (data not shown), the results depicted in Figure 1B, and the commonly found serum levels of ␤ 2 M under pathologic conditions. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] After culture, cells were washed 3 times and stained with the antibodies. As shown by the representative histograms of flow cytometry analysis of MoDCs with recombinant ␤ 2 M on day 7 (Figure 2), surface expression of CD1a, CD40, CD54, CD80, and HLA-ABC molecules was significantly (1.5-to 10-fold; P Ͻ .05 and P Ͻ 0.01) lower on ␤ 2 Mtreated cells.…”

“…4 In healthy persons, the serum concentration of ␤ 2 M is usually less than 2 mg/L, and the urinary excretion is less than 400 g/24 hours. 5,6 Two of the common features among diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 7,8 autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis 9,10 and Sjögren syndrome, 11 and hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia, [12][13][14][15] are elevated serum levels of ␤ 2 M and activation or inhibition of the immune system. In persons infected with HIV, high levels of serum ␤ 2 M correlate with the progression to AIDS, 7,8 whereas in the hematologic malignancies, the levels correlate with poor prognosis.…”

Salivary Biomarkers in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome—A Systematic Review

“…Several proteomic analyses mentioned above have demonstrated that salivary β2m levels were increased in patients with SS [ 16 , 17 ] ( Table 2 ). Immunosorbent assay identified that patients with SS had a significantly higher concentration of salivary β2m than HCs or in non-SS-sicca patients did [ 15 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. A study showed the higher levels of salivary β2m had an AUC of 0.95, a sensitivity of 0.94, and a specificity of 0.85 in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for distinguishing and HCs [ 32 ].…”