Increases in Blood Flow and Shear Stress to Nonworking Limbs during Incremental Exercise

Tanaka, Hirofumi; Shimizu, Shizuyo; Ohmori, Fumiko; Muraoka, Yoshiho; Kumagai, Mana; Yoshizawa, Mutsuko; Kagaya, Atsuko

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000191166.81789.de

Cited by 107 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…22) Moreover, aerobic exercise of the lower limbs using a cycle ergometer has been reported to augment vessel shear stress in not only the lower limbs, but also upper limbs in healthy people. 23) Therefore, a single session of NMES with muscle contraction is considered to induce nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation via the augmentation of vessel shear stress, even in the upper limbs, resulting in enhanced vascular endothelial function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single Session of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Enhances Vascular Endothelial Function and Peripheral Blood Circulation in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

et al. 2016

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SummaryThis study aimed to investigate whether a single session of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can enhance vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Thirty-four male patients with AMI were alternately assigned to 2 groups, and received NMES with muscle contraction (NMES group, n = 17) or without muscle contraction (control group, n = 17) after admission. NMES was performed for quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles of both legs for 30 minutes. We measured systolic blood pressure as a parameter of cardiovascular responses and the low-frequency component of blood pressure variability as an index of sympathetic activity. Reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) index and transcutaneous oxygen pressure in foot (Foot-tcPO 2 ) were also measured as parameters of vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation, respectively. All patients completed the study without severe adverse events. Systolic blood pressure and the low-frequency component increased significantly during the NMES session in both groups (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). However, elevation from systolic blood pressure at rest was < 10 mmHg in both groups. In the NMES group, the RH-PAT index and Foot-tcPO 2 increased significantly after NMES (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). No significant changes were observed in these parameters throughout the session in the control group. In conclusion, a single session of NMES with muscle contraction enhanced vascular endothelial function, leading to improvement in peripheral blood circulation without inducing excessive cardiovascular and autonomic responses in patients with AMI (UMIN000014196). (Int Heart J 2016; 57: 676-681)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single Session of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Enhances Vascular Endothelial Function and Peripheral Blood Circulation in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

et al. 2016

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“…Few studies have assessed the direct effect of shear stress on diameter changes in conduit arteries during exercise in humans and none have done so under conditions in which SR was actively attenuated during exercise. Although Tanaka et al 22 used ultrasound to study the effects of leg exercise on upper limb responses, brachial artery diameter measures were not reported. Interestingly, Pyke and colleagues 12,23 demonstrated no impact of brachial artery compression, using a piston device, on upstream brachial artery diameter, whereas forearm heating was associated with increased shear and brachial diameter after piston release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of SR Manipulation on Conduit Artery Dilation in Humans

et al. 2013

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Exercise decreases primary and secondary cardiovascular events, 1,2 effects that cannot be entirely accounted for by modification of traditional risk factors. 3,4 Animal studies implicate shear stress as a key stimulus to the release of paracrine hormones, including NO, from the endothelium during exercise bouts. [5][6][7] Episodic exposure to elevations in shear stress may explain the cardioprotective effects of exercise training through direct effect on the vascular wall. 8,9 Previous studies in humans have assessed the relationship between shear rate (SR) and conduit artery diameter by increasing SR using heating 10 or exercise 10,11 or responses to different periods of arterial occlusion. 12,13 These studies are complimented by recent data from Padilla et al, 10 who demonstrated that matched SR changes associated with leg exercise and forearm heating increase brachial artery dilation to a similar extent. Although this evidence suggests that shear stress may play a role in conduit artery dilation in humans, an approach that attenuates shear as a stimulus, without affecting other potential vasodilator stimuli, is necessary to establish that SR is a key stimulus that induces conduit artery diameter change in humans.In the present study we adopted 3 general strategies to comprehensively examine the hypothesis that shear stress manipulation would alter conduit artery dilation. Leg exercise was performed at distinct intensities in the same subjects to assess dose-response relationships, with shear and diameter measured during the exercise bouts (study 1). We assessed the impact of increased shear and shear attenuation by using partial cuff inflation on 1 forearm during simultaneous bilateral measures in the radial arteries. In a second study, we assessed the impact of cycle ergometer exercise (at 80% maximum heart rate [HRmax]) on brachial artery shear and dilation using similar techniques (study 2). Finally, to address the impact of shear manipulation in the absence of exercise, we heated both forearms simultaneously by placement in water baths (42°C) and measured consequent changes in brachial shear and diameter, with a cuff inflated to manipulate shear through 1 arm (study 3). We also repeated the latter studies Abstract-The impact of manipulating shear stress on conduit artery vasodilation has not been comprehensively described in vivo. We hypothesized that manipulation of SR through the brachial and radial arteries would be associated with corresponding changes in diameter. We performed a series of studies involving the following: (1) leg cycle exercise at increasing intensities (≈70 and 85% maximum heart rate [HRmax]) with simultaneous bilateral measurement of SR in the radial arteries; (2) leg cycle exercise for 30 minutes at 80% HRmax with simultaneous bilateral measurement of velocity and diameter in the brachial arteries; and (3)

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“…This is even more surprising considering the stimuli for arteriogenesis and angiogenesis during exercise training, i.e., increments in blood flow and shear stress on the endothelium and reduced oxygen tension and related expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. During cycle exercise, blood flow and oxygen consumption only minimally increase in the nonactive upper limbs (1,9,24). Accordingly, vascular adaptations are unlikely to be expected in inactive regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterpoint: Exercise training does not induce vascular adaptations beyond the active muscle beds

Thijssen

Hopman²

2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Increases in Blood Flow and Shear Stress to Nonworking Limbs during Incremental Exercise

Abstract: We concluded that blood flow to the nonworking limbs increases markedly in proportion to the work intensity. These results suggest that the conduit arteries in the nonworking limbs are exposed to increases in blood flow and shear stress during exercise.

Cited by 107 publications

References 25 publications

A Single Session of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Enhances Vascular Endothelial Function and Peripheral Blood Circulation in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

A Single Session of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Enhances Vascular Endothelial Function and Peripheral Blood Circulation in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Effect of SR Manipulation on Conduit Artery Dilation in Humans

Counterpoint: Exercise training does not induce vascular adaptations beyond the active muscle beds

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