Increases in rewards promote flexible behavior

Shen, Ye; Chun, Marvin M.

doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0065-7

Cited by 84 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Some previous research has suggested that consistent levels of reward increase the stability of cognitive control (versus the flexibility; Mueller et al, 2007) and therefore specifically improve performance in repeat trials. However, reward-related improvements in Experiment 3 were largely restricted to switch trials (similar to the results obtained by Shen & Chun, 2011), evident as a reduction of the switch cost and increased memory selectivity for items appearing on those trials, which suggests that the effect of reward on cognitive control might be more complex and situation dependent: The fact that reward benefited switch trials more than repeat trials could suggest that repeat-trial performance was already at a peak, even without reward, and that reward increased performance especially in switch trials.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Corresponding influences of top-down control on task switching and long-term memory

Richter

Yeung

2015

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Three experiments investigated the impact of cognitive control on current performance and later memory in task switching. Participants first switched between object and word classification tasks, performed on picture-word stimuli that each appeared only once, then were tested for their recognition memory of these items. Each experiment replicated the recent finding that task switching results in reduced selectivity in later memory for task-relevant over task-irrelevant items. Top-down control was manipulated through varying the time available for advance task preparation (Experiment 1), the freedom of choice over which task to perform (Experiment 2), and the availability of reward incentives (Experiment 3). For each manipulation, more effective top-down control during task switching was associated with increased selectivity in memory for task-relevant information. These findings shed new light on the role of cognitive control in long-term memory encoding, in particular supporting an interactive model in which long-term memory reflects the enduring traces of perceptual and cognitive processes that operate under the selective influence of top-down control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Corresponding influences of top-down control on task switching and long-term memory

Richter

Yeung

2015

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Importantly, however, a reward by threat interaction was present, such that the slowing of RT by irrelevant threat stimuli that was observed during no-reward was eliminated during reward. Recently, several studies have reported specific effects of motivation during diverse perceptual and cognitive tasks (Engelmann & Pessoa, 2007; Krebs, et al, 2010; Savine, et al, 2010; Shen & Chun, 2011). In a recent fMRI study, we showed that monetary reward cues presented prior to the task phase reduced both interference and facilitation behavioral scores in a response conflict task, suggesting that motivation reduced the influence of task-irrelevant (neutral) words (Padmala & Pessoa, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, positive incentives such as monetary reward improve performance across a diverse set of perceptual and cognitive tasks (Engelmann & Pessoa, 2007; Krebs et al, 2010; Savine et al, 2010; Shen & Chun, 2011). At the same time, task-irrelevant negative stimuli have detrimental effects on performance during related tasks (Dolcos & McCarthy, 2006; Erthal et al, 2005; Hartikainen et al, 2000; Padmala et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between reward and threat during visual processing

Padmala

Pessoa

2013

Neuropsychologia

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Appetitive stimuli such as monetary incentives often improve performance whereas aversive stimuli such as task-irrelevant negative stimuli frequently impair performance. But our understanding of how appetitive and aversive processes simultaneously contribute to brain and behavior is rudimentary. In the current fMRI study, we investigated interactions between reward and threat by investigating the effects of monetary reward on the processing of task-irrelevant threat stimuli during a visual discrimination task. Reward was manipulated by linking fast and accurate responses to foreground stimuli with monetary reward; threat was manipulated by pairing the background context with mild aversive shock. The behavioral results in terms of both accuracy and reaction time revealed that monetary reward eliminated the influence of threat-related stimuli. Paralleling the behavioral results, during trials involving both reward and threat, the imaging data revealed increased engagement of the ventral caudate and anterior mid-cingulate cortex, which were accompanied by increased task-relevant processing in the visual cortex. Overall, our study illustrates how the simultaneous processing of appetitive and aversive information shapes both behavior and brain responses.

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“…Even trialto-trial feedback is rarely provided, a choice that follows the lead of three studies that laid the methodological foundations of this work (Allport et al, 1994;Meiran, 1996;Rogers and Monsell, 1995 -only Meiran's Experiment 4 included trial-to-trial feedback of any kind). Given this, it is perhaps not surprising that few studies since have explicitly manipulated action outcomes in task switching, with the notable exception of experiments using adaptations of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task in which subjects must use trial-to-trial feedback to infer a sorting rule (e.g., Monchi et al, 2001;Rogers et al, 1998) and a handful of studies using reward incentives to motivate effective switching (Kleinsorge and Rinkenauer, 2012;Nieuwenhuis and Monsell, 2002;Shen and Chun, 2011). References to feedback and action outcomes are notable by their absence in recent authoritative reviews of task-switching research (Grange and Houghton, 2014;Kiesel et al, 2010;Vandierendonck et al, 2010) as well as in the related research literatures on response conflict (MacLeod, 1991;Yeung, 2013) and response inhibition (Aron et al, 2014).…”

Section: Concrete Goals and Sequential Actionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of prediction and outcomes in adaptive cognitive control

Schiffer

Waszak

Yeung

2015

Journal of Physiology-Paris

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Humans adaptively perform actions to achieve their goals. This flexible behaviour requires two core abilities: the ability to anticipate the outcomes of candidate actions and the ability to select and implement actions in a goal-directed manner. The ability to predict outcomes has been extensively researched in reinforcement learning paradigms, but this work has often focused on simple actions that are not embedded in hierarchical and sequential structures that are characteristic of goal-directed human behaviour. On the other hand, the ability to select actions in accordance with high-level task goals, particularly in the presence of alternative responses and salient distractors, has been widely researched in cognitive control paradigms. Cognitive control research, however, has often paid less attention to the role of action outcomes. The present review attempts to bridge these accounts by proposing an outcome-guided mechanism for selection of extended actions. Our proposal builds on constructs from the hierarchical reinforcement learning literature, which emphasises the concept of reaching and evaluating informative states, i.e., states that constitute subgoals in complex actions. We develop an account of the neural mechanisms that allow outcome-guided action selection to be achieved in a network that relies on projections from cortical areas to the basal ganglia and back-projections from the basal ganglia to the cortex. These cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical 'loops' allow convergence - and thus integration - of information from non-adjacent cortical areas (for example between sensory and motor representations). This integration is essential in action sequences, for which achieving an anticipated sensory state signals the successful completion of an action. We further describe how projection pathways within the basal ganglia allow selection between representations, which may pertain to movements, actions, or extended action plans. The model lastly envisages a role for hierarchical projections from the striatum to dopaminergic midbrain areas that enable more rostral frontal areas to bias the selection of inputs from more posterior frontal areas via their respective representations in the basal ganglia.

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Increases in rewards promote flexible behavior

Cited by 84 publications

References 47 publications

Corresponding influences of top-down control on task switching and long-term memory

Corresponding influences of top-down control on task switching and long-term memory

Interactions between reward and threat during visual processing

The role of prediction and outcomes in adaptive cognitive control

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