Increasing pCO2 correlates with low concentrations of intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the sea anemone <scp>A</scp>nemonia viridis

Borell, Esther M.; Steinke, Michael; Horwitz, Rael; Fine, Maoz

doi:10.1002/ece3.946

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Volcanic CO 2 seeps provide a natural and unique experimental setting to assess the long-term effects of OA on marine organisms in situ (Hall-Spencer et al, 2008;Fabricius et al, 2011Fabricius et al, , 2014Borell et al, 2014;Morrow et al, 2014). In Papua New Guinea (PNG), for example, the D'Entrecastraux Islands of the Milne Bay province contain reefs where volcanic seeps release 99% pure CO 2 into the surrounding sediments and sea water.…”

Section: Co 2 Seeps: a Window Into The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Ocean Acidification for Marine Microorganisms from the Free-Living to the Host-Associated

et al. 2016

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Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are causing oceans to become more acidic, with consequences for all marine life including microorganisms. Studies reveal that from the microbes that occupy the open ocean to those intimately associated with their invertebrate hosts changing ocean chemistry will alter the critical functions of these important organisms. Our current understanding indicates that bacterial communities associated with their host will shift as pH drops by another 0.2-0.4 units over the next 100 years. It is unclear what impacts this will have for host health, however, increased vulnerability to disease seems likely for those associated with reef corals. Natural CO 2 seeps have provided a unique setting for the study of microbial communities under OA in situ, where shifts in the bacterial communities associated with corals at the seep are correlated with a decline in abundance of the associated coral species. Changes to global biogeochemical cycles also appear likely as photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation by pelagic microbes becomes enhanced under low pH conditions. However, recent long-term studies have shown that pelagic microbes are also capable of evolutionary adaptation, with some physiological responses to a decline in pH restored after hundreds of generations at high pCO 2 levels. The impacts of ocean acidification (OA) also will not work in isolation, thus synergistic interactions with other potential stressors, such as rising seawater temperatures, will likely exacerbate the microbial response to OA. This review discusses our existing understanding of the impacts of OA on both pelagic and host-associated marine microbial communities, whilst highlighting the importance of controlled laboratory studies and in situ experiments, to fill the current gaps in our knowledge.

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Section: Co 2 Seeps: a Window Into The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Ocean Acidification for Marine Microorganisms from the Free-Living to the Host-Associated

et al. 2016

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“…Additionally, saltwater mesocosm studies showed the addition of glucose led to significant changes in the bacterial community, specifically within the Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes56. Borell et al 41. also showed a decrease in dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) in A. viridis at sites within Levante Bay that had elevated p CO 2 compared with the control site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A. viridis is known to harbor Symbiodinium of clade A1941 as a symbiotic dinoflagellate partner, whereas A. equina does not harbor dinoflagellate endosymbionts. Bourne et al 42.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stable microbiome of inter and sub-tidal anemone species under increasing pCO2

Muller

Fine

Ritchie

2016

Sci Rep

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Increasing levels of pCO2 within the oceans will select for resistant organisms such as anemones, which may thrive under ocean acidification conditions. However, increasing pCO2 may alter the bacterial community of marine organisms, significantly affecting the health status of the host. A pH gradient associated with a natural volcanic vent system within Levante Bay, Vulcano Island, Italy, was used to test the effects of ocean acidification on the bacterial community of two anemone species in situ, Anemonia viridis and Actinia equina using 16 S rDNA pyrosequencing. Results showed the bacterial community of the two anemone species differed significantly from each other primarily because of differences in the Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria abundances. The bacterial communities did not differ within species among sites with decreasing pH except for A. viridis at the vent site (pH = 6.05). In addition to low pH, the vent site contains trace metals and sulfide that may have influenced the bacteria community of A. viridis. The stability of the bacterial community from pH 8.1 to pH 7.4, coupled with previous experiments showing the lack of, or beneficial changes within anemones living under low pH conditions indicates that A. viridis and A. equina will be winners under future ocean acidification scenarios.

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“…Symbionts in corals contained about 10 to 300 fmol DMSP cell −1 (Yost and Mitchelmore 2010), while Borell et al (2014Borell et al ( , 2016 reported concentrations ranging from about 20 to 50 fmol DMSP cell −1 . These values for both corals and anemones were similar to the four free-living Symbiodinium clades investigated by Steinke et al (2011) (39.3 to 126.8 fmol DMSP cell −1 ; Table 2) and suggest that free-living and endosymbiotic Symbiodinium likely produce similar amounts of cellular DMSP.…”

Section: From Anemones To Corals: Net Vs Gross Dms Aq Production Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in the sea anemone Aiptasia sp. to simulate the sea-to-air flux from coral reefs

Franchini

Steinke

2017

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. The production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is poorly quantified in tropical reef environments but forms an essential process that couples marine and terrestrial sulfur cycles and affects climate. Here we quantified net aqueous DMS production and the concentration of its cellular precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea anemone Aiptasia sp., a model organism to study coral-related processes. Bleached anemones did not show net DMS production whereas symbiotic anemones produced DMS concentrations (mean ± standard error) of 160.7 ± 44.22 nmol g −1 dry weight (DW) after 48 h incubation. Symbiotic and bleached individuals showed DMSP concentrations of 32.7 ± 6.00 and 0.6 ± 0.19 µmol g −1 DW, respectively. We applied these findings to a Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate that net aqueous DMS production accounts for only 20 % of gross aqueous DMS production. Monte Carlo-based estimations of sea-to-air fluxes of gaseous DMS showed that reefs may release 0.1 to 26.3 µmol DMS m −2 coral surface area (CSA) d −1 into the atmosphere with 40 % probability for rates between 0.5 and 1.5 µmol m −2 CSA d −1 . These predictions were in agreement with directly quantified fluxes in previous studies. Conversion to a flux normalised to sea surface area (SSA) (range 0.1 to 17.4, with the highest probability for 0.3 to 1.0 µmol DMS m −2 SSA d −1 ) suggests that coral reefs emit gaseous DMS at lower rates than the average global oceanic DMS flux of 4.6 µmol m −2 SSA d −1 (19.6 Tg sulfur per year). The large difference between simulated gross and quantified net aqueous DMS production in corals suggests that the current and future potential for its production in tropical reefs is critically governed by DMS consumption processes. Hence, more research is required to assess the sensitivity of DMS-consumption pathways to ongoing environmental change in order to address the impact of predicted degradation of coral reefs on DMS production in tropical coastal ecosystems and its impact on future atmospheric DMS concentrations and climate.

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Increasing pCO₂ correlates with low concentrations of intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis

Cited by 15 publications

References 59 publications

Implications of Ocean Acidification for Marine Microorganisms from the Free-Living to the Host-Associated

Implications of Ocean Acidification for Marine Microorganisms from the Free-Living to the Host-Associated

The stable microbiome of inter and sub-tidal anemone species under increasing pCO2

Quantification of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in the sea anemone <i>Aiptasia</i> sp. to simulate the sea-to-air flux from coral reefs

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Increasing pCO2 correlates with low concentrations of intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis

Cited by 15 publications

References 59 publications

Implications of Ocean Acidification for Marine Microorganisms from the Free-Living to the Host-Associated

Implications of Ocean Acidification for Marine Microorganisms from the Free-Living to the Host-Associated

The stable microbiome of inter and sub-tidal anemone species under increasing pCO2

Quantification of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in the sea anemone &lt;i&gt;Aiptasia&lt;/i&gt; sp. to simulate the sea-to-air flux from coral reefs

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Increasing pCO₂ correlates with low concentrations of intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis

Quantification of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in the sea anemone <i>Aiptasia</i> sp. to simulate the sea-to-air flux from coral reefs