Increasing Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Hospital and Community acquired Infections in Khartoum State, Sudan

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterium that can cause many diseases. Methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) is often sub-categorized as Hospital or Community acquired infection. MRSA causes serious problems, such as bloodstream and surgical site infections or pneumonia. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify S. aureus by 16SrRNA using PCR, estimate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and determine the prevalence of MRSA among Hospital and community acquired infections. Methods: A cross-sectional laboratory-based study was conducted during the period from November 2020 to January 2021. Conventional methods were used to identify S. aureus and isolate confirmation was performed by PCR targeting 16SrRNA gene. All isolated organisms were tested for their in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Result: Among the enrolled patients (n, 300), MRSA was observed in 185 (61.7%). The highest frequency was shown in the age group over 45 years old (46.7%). The result also showed a high frequency of S. aureus among community infections (81.7%), MRSA in hospital acquired infections was 10.7% while 51% was community acquired. The antimicrobial susceptibilities against MRSA isolates showed high sensitivity to Ceftriaxone 90.0%). Most infections caused by MRSA isolates were respiratory tract infection (RTI) (28.3%) and Septicemia (22.5%). Conclusion: The present study highlighted a high proportion of MRSA in clinical settings at Khartoum State. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that Ceftriaxone was the drug of choice against MRSA isolates. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics, along with self-medication, seem to be the cause of antibiotic resistance, thus should be avoided.

Prevalence and virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus from food contact surfaces in Thai restaurants

“…All isolates identified in this study were methicillin-susceptible strains. However, resistant strains are detected in hospitals and community settings, indicating S. aureus may pose a greater threat in the future ( Schito, 2006 ; Phokhaphan et al, 2017 ; Hamdan et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Biofilm formation helps protect the pathogen from phagocytes, while synthesis of toxins eliminates neutrophils and other leukocytes ( Cheung, Bae & Otto, 2021 ). S. aureus strains have been found to be increasingly resistant to antibiotics, especially methicillin, making them one of the most difficult-to-treat pathogens ( Phokhaphan et al, 2017 ; Hamdan et al, 2022 ). S. aureus can cause food poisoning, with instances of staphylococcal food poisoning resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with S. aureus carrying staphylococcal enterotoxin (SEs) reported in several countries ( Kavinum, Peanumlom & Wongchai, 2017 ; Watcharakorn, 2018 ; Sato’o et al, 2014 ).…”