“…Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the detrimental environmental effects on geo-infrastructure in cold regions, encompassing slope diseases (Zhan et al, 2018;Jiang et al, 2022;Ishikawa et al, 2015 ;, the loss of bearing capacity (Suter et al, 2019;Plotnikov & Merzlyakov, 2021;Filimonov et al, 2022), damage to embankments (Maadani et al, 2021;Tai et al, 2020;Song et al, 2020), deterioration of pavements (Ud Din et al, 2020;Qiao et al, 2020;Zhuo et al, 2022;Dong et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2022), and buckling and breakage of pipelines (He & Jin, 2010;Oswell, 2011;H. Li et al, 2019;X.…”