“…There is a abundant literature supporting the notion that providing students with opportunities to engage in the process and practice of science enhances their learning experiences (Russell et al ., 2007; Freeman et al ., 2014; Wieman, 2014; Connell et al , 2016). It is not only essential to provide engaging opportunities for students, but also important to assess whether or not those opportunities are indeed enhancing student learning (Momsen et al , 2013; Freeman et al ., 2014; Wieman, 2014; Brame and Biel, 2015; Couch et al ., 2015).…”