“…(10)(11)(12)(13)16,19,25,(29)(30)(31)(32) Additionally, many age estimation models have been manually developed, introducing the potential for human error. (4,5,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)21,22,25,33,34) Addressing this limitation, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a promising approach for creating new age estimation models, as evidenced by previous studies. (6,20,23,35,36) Deep learning, in particular, has gained prominence in age estimation due to its capacity to reduce human workload, enhance accuracy in detection and decision-making, and, in some cases, even classify genders as part of the age estimation process.…”