“…Research approaching transparency as a strategic issue typically focuses on business issues that arise when revealing or concealing information on items or products (Granados et al 2010)-for example, with respect to sharing of information about transaction details (eg, Nicolaou and McKnight 2006), product prices (eg, Soh et al 2006), product quality attributes (eg, Liang et al 2017), or trade-offs between product attributes (eg, Xu et al 2014). Research employing transparency as a measure of how well system output can be explained generally treats transparency as an empirical outcome in research fields such as government services (eg, Venkatesh et al 2016), knowledge management (eg, Hornyak et al 2020), research methods (eg, Paré et al 2016), or market interactions (eg, Cho et al 2021). Similarly, extant privacy research typically treats transparency as an antecedent of consumer behaviors (eg, Awad and Krishnan 2006, Betzing et al 2020, Karwatzki et al 2017, Tsai et al 2011 or as an instrumental design goal (eg, Hosseini et al 2018, Nussbaumer et al 2012, Samavi and Consens 2018, Schaub et al 2017.…”