Independent and interdependent construals of self: Explaining cultural patterns of interpersonal communication in multi‐cultural organizational settings

Facebook Users’ Engagement and Perceived Life Satisfaction

“…This study reveals a pattern of respondents feeling less satisfied with their lives the more they engage in interactive activities that include a mix of "forced" information (pictures and wall posts) and "sought" information (messages and chatting), understanding that all information is, to some degree, generally sought when using Facebook. Existing literature on social comparisons suggests that sought information should create downward comparisons and therefore create positive reflections of self (Kim & Sharkey, 1995;Wheeler & Miyake, 1992). However, that is not the case here.…”

“…The theory includes assessments of the contributions various communication strategies make toward an individual's self-perceptions (Tarr et al, 2005). Similar to the cultural assertions regarding "individualism" and "collectivism" (Markus & Kitayama, 1991), self-construal generally classifies individuals' selfperceptions into two opposing yet complementary categories: "independent self-construals" and "interdependent self-construals" (Kim & Sharkey, 1995). People demonstrating independent self-construals perceive themselves as having a "bounded, unitary, stable self that is separate from the social context" (Tarr et al, 2005, p. 500).…”

Networks of meaning and the bicultural mind: A structural equation modeling approach

“…In contrast, in more collectivist cultures job stability and hierarchy are relatively more strongly emphasized. Kim and Sharkey (1995) found in organizational settings that Euro-Americans endorse clarity, i.e., making one's intentions explicitly clear, while Asian-Americans were more concerned with efforts to avoid hurting the feelings of the others. Triandis (1990) has specified that in an individualistic context self-reliance has the connotation of personal independence, 'being able to do your own thing', whereas in a collectivist culture it elicits a more relational-oriented meaning, such as 'not being a burden on your ingroup'.…”

An investigation of coworker relationships and psychological collectivism on employee propensity to take charge

“…IC as an individual difference variable is similar in definition to Hofstede's (1980) measure of IC but measures how people within a given culture vary along the IC construct. A few studies have actually examined IC as an individual difference variable within a single culture and have found that IC does predict differences among individuals (Wagner and Moch 1986;Kim and Sharkey 1995;Moorman and Blakely 1995;Wagner 1995). For example, IC as an individual difference variable has been related to cooperation, showing that collectivists engage in more cooperative behavior than do individualists (Chatman and Barsade 1995;Wagner 1995).…”