Independent, corroborating evidence continues to accumulate that post‐exercise cooling diminishes muscle adaptations to strength training

Peake, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1113/jp279343

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Athletes commonly use cold water immersion to recover after intense exercise, based on the belief that it provides physiological benefits that expedite return to training and competition. However, mounting evidence indicates that when used regularly, cold water exercise can diminish long-term gains in strength and muscle mass after strength training (Peake, 2020). Research into the mechanisms responsible for this effect has revealed that acute cold water immersion after resistance reduces or interferes with several important acute processes and pathways that stimulate muscle hypertrophy, including: muscle protein synthesis, the expression of genes that regulate intracellular amino acid transport, satellite cell proliferation, phosphorylation of kinases in the mTOR and p38-MNK1-eIF4E signaling pathways, and ribosomal DNA transcription (Roberts et al, 2015;Figueiredo et al, 2016;Fyfe et al, 2019;Fuchs et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Molecular Factors That Regulate Growth and Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle After Resistance Exercise

et al. 2020

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Regular postexercise cooling attenuates muscle hypertrophy, yet its effects on the key molecular factors that regulate muscle growth and remodeling are not well characterized. In the present study, nine men completed two sessions of single-leg resistance exercise on separate days. On 1 day, they sat in cold water (10 • C) up to their waist for 10 min after exercise. On the other day, they exercised at a low intensity for 10 min after exercise. Muscle biopsies were collected from the exercised leg before, 2, 24, and 48 h after exercise in both trials. These muscle samples were analyzed to evaluate changes in genes and proteins involved in muscle growth and remodeling. Muscle-specific RING finger 1 mRNA increased at 2 h after both trials (P < 0.05), while insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 Ec, IGF-1 receptor, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45, collagen type I alpha chain A, collagen type III alpha chain 1, laminin and tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 1 mRNA increased 24−48 h after both trials (P < 0.05). By contrast, atrogin-1 mRNA decreased at all time points after both trials (P < 0.05). Protein expression of tenascin C increased 2 h after the active recovery trial (P < 0.05), whereas FoxO3a protein expression decreased after both trials (P < 0.05). Myostatin mRNA and ubiquitin protein expression did not change after either trial. These responses were not significantly different between the trials. The present findings suggest that regular cold water immersion attenuates muscle hypertrophy independently of changes in factors that regulate myogenesis, proteolysis and extracellular matrix remodeling in muscle after exercise.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Molecular Factors That Regulate Growth and Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle After Resistance Exercise

et al. 2020

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“…Hypothetically, there might not be a disadvantage to using CWI when a fast recovery is needed (e.g., between games in close succession or during a tapering period), and the attenuation effect on muscular strength might only occur with the long-term use of CWI (Peake, 2020). Future studies interested in exploring the time course of the effects of CWI on muscular strength gains may consider using a longer duration training intervention (e.g., 16 weeks) and evaluate strength periodically (e.g., every 4 weeks).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of post‐exercise cold‐water immersion on resistance training‐induced gains in muscular strength: a meta‐analysis

Grgić

2022

European Journal of Sport Science

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The aim of this review was to perform a meta-analysis examining the effects of CWI coupled with resistance training on gains in muscular strength. Four databases were searched to find relevant studies. Their methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using the PEDro checklist. The effects of CWI vs. control on muscular strength were examined in a random-effects meta-analysis. Ten studies (n = 170; 92% males), with 11 comparisons across 22 groups, were included in the analysis. Studies were classified as of good or fair methodological quality. The main meta-analysis found that CWI attenuated muscular strength gains (effect size [ES]: -0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.45, -0.01; p = 0.041). In the analysis of data from studies applying CWI only to the trained limbs, CWI attenuated muscular strength gains (ES: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.01; p = 0.041). In the analysis of data from studies using whole-body CWI, there was no significant difference in muscular strength gains between CWI and control (ES: -0.08; 95% CI: -0.53, 0.38; p = 0.743). In summary, this meta-analysis found that the use of CWI following resistance exercise sessions attenuates muscular strength gains in males. However, when CWI was applied to the whole body, there was no significant difference between CWI and control for muscular strength. Due to the attenuated gains in muscular strength found with single limb CWI, the use and/or timing of CWI in resistance training should be carefully considered and individualized.

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“…Debate exists within literature with regards to the benefits of immediate post training CWI [ 14 , 15 ]. Studies suggests deleterious or negative effects of cooling such as CWI may mitigate adaptive responses gained through resistance training particularly [ 11 ]. Therefore, types of training may be a factor to consider in achieving the desired response to cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilisation of performance markers to establish the effectiveness of cold-water immersion as a recovery modality in elite football.

Alexander¹,

Carling²,

Rhodes³

2022

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Optimal strategies for recovery following training and competition in elite athletes presents ongoing debate. The effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) compared to passive recovery (PR) though a triad of performance measures after fatiguing exercise within a normal micro-cycle, during mid-competitive training cycle, in elite male footballers were investigated. Twenty-four elite footballers (age 20.58 ± 2.55 years; height 179.9 ± 5.6 cm; weight 75.7 ± 7.5 kg; body fat 6.2 ± 1.7%) were randomly assigned to CWI or PR following a fatiguing training session. Objective measures included eccentric hamstring strength, isometric adductor strength, hamstring flexibility and skin surface temperature (T sk ). Subjective measures included overall wellbeing. Data were collected at match day+3, immediately post-training, immediately post-intervention and 24 hrs post-intervention. Physiological, biomechanical and psychological measures displayed significant main effects for timepoint for eccentric hamstring strength, T sk , overall wellbeing, sleep, fatigue, stress and group for eccentric hamstring strength, T sk and sleep (groups combined). Group responses identified significant effects for timepoint for CWI and PR, for eccentric hamstring strength peak force, sleep, fatigue, and muscle soreness for CWI. Significant differences were displayed for eccentric hamstring strength (immediately post-intervention and immediately post-training) for peak force and between CWI and PR eccentric hamstring strength immediately post-intervention. Linear regression for individual analysis demonstrated greater recovery in peak torque and force for CWI. CWI may be useful to ameliorate potential deficits in eccentric hamstring strength that optimise readiness to train/play in elite football settings. Multiple measures and individual analysis of recovery responses provides sports medicine and performance practitioners with direction on the application of modified approaches to recovery strategies, within mid-competitive season training cycles.

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Independent, corroborating evidence continues to accumulate that post‐exercise cooling diminishes muscle adaptations to strength training

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Molecular Factors That Regulate Growth and Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle After Resistance Exercise

The Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Molecular Factors That Regulate Growth and Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle After Resistance Exercise

Effects of post‐exercise cold‐water immersion on resistance training‐induced gains in muscular strength: a meta‐analysis

Utilisation of performance markers to establish the effectiveness of cold-water immersion as a recovery modality in elite football.

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