Independent effects of reward expectation and spatial orientation on the processing of emotional facial expressions

Kang, Guixia; Zhou, Xiaolin; Wei, Ping

doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4328-3

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…A cue indicating reward delivery for successful performance would activate the motivational component of reward, which could elicit behavior changes (Notebaert & Braem, 2015). A number of studies suggest that reward-induced motivation promotes behavior performance and enhances cognitive control (Botvinick & Braver, 2015;Chiew & Braver, 2016;Kang, Zhou, & Wei, 2015;Padmala & Pessoa, 2011;Pessoa, 2009;Soutschek et al, 2015;Wei & Kang, 2014). Extending the evidence in the visual domain, our findings demonstrate that reward can enhance conflict resolution in the cross-modal context, reducing cross-modal conflict regardless of the target modality.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Reward interacts with modality shift to reduce cross-modal conflict

Kang¹,

Wang²,

Zhou

2017

Journal of Vision

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Previous studies have shown that reward can enhance cognitive control and reduce conflict in visual processing. Here we investigate (a) whether and how reward influences cross-modal conflict control and (b) how the shift of attention across modalities modulates the effect of reward on cross-modal conflict control. In four experiments, a cue indicating the reward availability of a given trial (reward vs. no reward) was presented prior to a target. The target was either a visual or an auditory letter, which was accompanied by a distracting letter from the other modality. The identity of the distracting letter was either the same as or different from the identity of the target letter (congruent vs. incongruent). When the cue modality was constant (Experiment 1) or changed across different experimental blocks (Experiment 3), the interference effect (i.e., the response time difference between incongruent and congruent trials) was smaller following a reward cue than a no-reward cue, suggesting that reward can reduce cross-modal conflict. In contrast, when the cue modality was changed trial-by-trial in an unpredictable way (Experiments 2 and 4), reward reduced cross-modal conflict only when the cue and the target were from different modalities and had a long stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between them but not when they shared the same modality or had a short SOA between them. These results suggest that reward can facilitate cross-modal conflict resolution, and this effect may critically depend on both the preparatory state between the cue and the target and timing to initiate cognitive control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Reward interacts with modality shift to reduce cross-modal conflict

Kang¹,

Wang²,

Zhou

2017

Journal of Vision

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“…This indicates that reward-induced motivation had a clear effect on inhibitory processes following the initial capture of attention. Rutherford et al (2010) found that there was a significant difference in IOR between rewarded and unrewarded conditions with a long SOA, and IOR was significantly enhanced (Kang et al, 2015;Rutherford et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Reward learning modifies the attentional priority of stimuli involuntarily, enabling them to compete more effectively for selection (Anderson, 2013;Anderson et al, 2011;Failing & Theeuwes, 2014Hickey et al, 2010Hickey et al, , 2011. Studies have used the spatial cue-target paradigm to investigate the impact of reward on attention and found that reward affects the inhibition of spatial attention: the reaction times (RTs) of low-reward condition are typically longer than those of high-reward condition (Blini et al, 2018;Bucker & Theeuwes, 2014;Kang et al, 2015;Munneke et al, 2015;Rutherford et al, 2010). Munneke et al (2015) found that high reward stimuli captured more attention and resulted in sped-up RTs when rewarded cues signaled the correct target location with cue-target task in which both endogenous and exogenous cues were used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward Weakened Inhibition of Return (IOR) in the Near Depth Plane

Wang

Gao

et al. 2022

Perception

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In attentional orienting, researchers have proposed that reward history is a component of attentional control, as the reward value might enhance the spatial attention process to achieve more efficient goal-directed behavior and to improve target-detection performance. Although the effect of reward–induced motivation on attentional orienting has been studied in two–dimensional (2-D) space, the specific mechanisms underlying the influence of reward on inhibition of return (IOR) of attentional orienting in three-dimensional space (3-D) remain unclear. In the present study, by incorporating the Posner spatial-cueing paradigm into a virtual 3-D environment, we aimed to investigate the influence of reward on IOR in 3-D space. The results showed the following: (1) IOR size in the rewarded conditions was smaller than IOR size in the unrewarded condition in the near depth plane, resulting in an IOR difference with or without reward. (2) Reward weakened IOR in the near depth plane because the response to the uncued location was delayed, not because the response to the cued location was accelerated. The present study indicated that the different depth planes of the target location in 3-D space could influence the interaction between reward and IOR, and reward weakened IOR in the near depth plane.

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“…As background to the aforementioned effects of reward expectation and emotional processing on attention and executive control, recently several studies have attempted to directly examine the relationship between reward expectation and explicit and/or implicit emotional processing (Kaltwasser, Ries, Sommer, Knight, & Willems, ; Padmala & Pessoa, ; Padmala, Sirbu, & Pessoa, ; Wei & Kang, ; Wei, Wang, & Ji, ). When participants were instructed to discriminate the emotional valence of emotional stimuli (i.e., explicit emotional processing) following incentive or nonincentive cues, behavioral and electrophysiological evidence revealed that reward expectation in the incentive (vs. the nonincentive) condition amplifies emotional effects—that is, the preferential processing of negative and positive emotional stimuli versus neutral stimuli (Kang, Zhou, & Wei, ; Wei & Kang, ; Wei et al, ; Wei, Kang, Ding, & Guo, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential modulations of reward expectation on implicit facial emotion processing: ERP evidence

Müller²,

Zhou

et al. 2018

Psychophysiology

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Implicit emotional processing refers to the preferential processing of emotional content even if it is task irrelevant. Given that motivation enhances executive control by biasing attentional resources toward target stimuli, here we investigated the effects of reward expectation on implicit facial emotional processing in two experiments using ERPs. A precue signaling additional monetary reward for fast and accurate response for the upcoming trial (incentive condition; relative to a cue indicating no such additional reward, i.e., nonincentive condition) was followed by the presentation of a happy, angry, or neutral face. Participants had to determine the gender of the face in Experiment 1 and decide whether a number superimposed on the face was even or odd in Experiment 2. In both experiments, incentive cues elicited larger P3 and contingent negative variation responses, and the targets following incentive cues elicited more positive‐going ERPs (200–700 ms), compared with the nonincentive condition. Importantly, the N2 responses (200–280 ms) to the target exhibited differential patterns of Reward × Emotion interaction: relative to the nonincentive condition, the N2 amplitude differences between emotional (i.e., happy and/or angry) and neutral faces increased in the incentive condition in Experiment 1, but diminished in Experiment 2. These results indicate that reward expectation can differentially modulate implicit processing of facial expressions, with increased sensitivity to emotions when the processing of whole faces is required, but with reduced sensitivity when the processing of faces is distractive. This study enriches the evidence for interactions between reward‐related executive control and implicit emotional processing.

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Independent effects of reward expectation and spatial orientation on the processing of emotional facial expressions

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

Reward interacts with modality shift to reduce cross-modal conflict

Reward interacts with modality shift to reduce cross-modal conflict

Reward Weakened Inhibition of Return (IOR) in the Near Depth Plane

Differential modulations of reward expectation on implicit facial emotion processing: ERP evidence

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