India in Antarctica: perspectives, programmes and achievements

Dey, Anita

doi:10.1017/s0032247400012201

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…As noted above, India was a major opponent of the exclusionary nature of the Washington Conference and the ATS and pushed to discuss Antarctic cooperation in the UN General Assembly where all states could participate. Antarctic states also blocked Indian efforts in the 1970s to include Antarctica in the UN Convention on the Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS) as ‘common heritage of mankind’ (Dey, 1991: 88). After losing the fight to widen participation, India changed strategy.…”

Section: Achieving Scientific Hierarchy: India China and Science As International Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After losing the fight to widen participation, India changed strategy. Instead of resisting the ATS, 12 it took the necessary steps to join what Prime Minister Indira Gandhi enthusiastically described as a ‘select band of countries’ that conducted ‘advanced work’ in Antarctica (quoted in Dey, 1991: 88). While Indian scientists had participated in Australian and Soviet expeditions, Gandhi established the Department of Ocean Development and launched India’s first independent expedition in 1981.…”

Section: Achieving Scientific Hierarchy: India China and Science As International Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An international hierarchy of science: conquest, cooperation, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System

Yao

2021

European Journal of International Relations

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The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), created in 1959 to govern the southern continent, is often lauded as an illustration of science’s potential to inspire peaceful and rational International Relations. This article critically examines this optimistic view of science’s role in international politics by focusing on how science as a global hierarchical structure operated as a gatekeeper to an exclusive Antarctic club. I argue that in the early 20th century, the conduct of science in Antarctica was entwined with global and imperial hierarchies. As what Mattern and Zarakol call a broad hierarchy, science worked both as a civilized marker of international status as well as a social performance that legitimated actors’ imperial interests in Antarctica. The 1959 ATS relied on science as an existing broad hierarchy to enable competing states to achieve a functional bargain and ‘freeze’ sovereignty claims, whilst at the same time institutionalizing and reinforcing the legitimacy of science in maintaining international inequalities. In making this argument, I stress the role of formal international institutions in bridging our analysis of broad and functional hierarchies while also highlighting the importance of scientific hierarchies in constituting the current international order.

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Section: Achieving Scientific Hierarchy: India China and Science As International Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Achieving Scientific Hierarchy: India China and Science As International Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

An international hierarchy of science: conquest, cooperation, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System

Yao

2021

European Journal of International Relations

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Monitoring shipborne visitors in Antarctica: a preliminary field study

Stonehouse

1992

Polar Record

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During every austral summer since the International Geophysical Year 1957–58 several thousand scientists and support staff have worked in Antarctica. A more recent development is the annual advent of 4000–5000 tourists, who now probably outnumber expedition members in the area covered by the Antarctic Treaty System. Most tourists come by ship, visiting coastal areas of the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Orkney and South Shetland islands that arc readily accessible beween November and March: smaller numbers visit the Ross Dependency and Adelie Land sectors. This article reviews Antarctic Treaty and International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) attitudes to tourism, and outlines a preliminary study of shipborne tourism between late December 1991 and March 1992 on Half Moon Island, South Shetland Islands. Within one month (January) a survey team from the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, recorded 14 visits by six tour ships, bringing more than 2000 tourists. In addition, attitudes and expectations of visitors were studied on five ships. Arising from this study, a programme of visitor monitoring is planned as a joint project between British, Chilean, and Argentine scientific institutions during the next five years. Objectives are to find ways of minimizing both short-term and long-term impacts of tourists and other visitors on breeding birds and other ecological communities, and to provide a factual basis for regulation under the Antarctic Treaty System.

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Identifying national interests in Antarctica: the case of Canada

Beck

1996

Polar Record

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During the past decade, most publications on Antarctic politics and law have concentrated upon broader developments at the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) level. Less attention has been devoted to the nature of national interests in Antarctica and ways of balancing different policy objectives through time. Canada, though failing to accede to the Antarctic Treaty until 1988, offers a useful case study illuminating the broad range of interests influencing the policy of individual governments toward Antarctica, and particularly the reasons why states lacking clear national interests therein participate in the ATS. For Canada, Antarctica has always been viewed principally from an Arctic perspective. The resulting low priority of Antarctica explains Canada's initial non-involvement in the ATS. However, by the late 1980s, accession to the Antarctic Treaty was deemed desirable on policy grounds, even if Canada assumed only alow key role in the ATS, at least until 1994–1995, when the appointment of an Ambassador for Circumpolar Affairs was apparently followed by a more active bi-polar strategy.

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India in Antarctica: perspectives, programmes and achievements

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

An international hierarchy of science: conquest, cooperation, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System

An international hierarchy of science: conquest, cooperation, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System

Monitoring shipborne visitors in Antarctica: a preliminary field study

Identifying national interests in Antarctica: the case of Canada

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