Many microbial products have the potential for therapeutic application, e.g. as anticancer drugs. This chapter presents natural products from terrestrial microbial organisms that attack various targets in tumor cells, e.g. cell cycle inhibitors (inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, checkpoint kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of dual specificity phosphatases, inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases), inhibitors of histone deacetylases, topoisomerases, or growth factors as well as inhibitors of the proteasome, of heat shock protein 90, nuclear trafficking, or ATPase.New cancer drugs are most likely be used as part of combination therapy regimens. Attacking different targets in tumor cells may kill tumor cells resistant to one target. The potential of novel target-directed compounds to eradicate otherwise drug-resistant cells is an attractive perspective, which deserves further investigation.