Indicators of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, which can cause damage to multiple organs; one of the long-term effects of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy; oxidative stress is thought to play a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy, as it can induce an inflammatory response and damage cells by disrupting their redox homeostasis; The study's goal was to assess the levels of oxidative damage and antioxidant protection in diabetic nephropathy patients. During routine medical examinations, 105 patients and 101 controls were selected; in serum, the reaction of thiobarbituric acid with malondialdehyde can be quantified by measuring the intensity of a pink color produced at 95°C. The same method is used to assess the degree of oxidation of free-cholesterol-LDL; total plasma antioxidant status was determined by a colorimetric enzymatic peroxidase method. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was determined by xanthine oxidase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured by a colorimetric method; ascorbic acid was measured in an acidic solution using a colorimetric technique at a wavelength of 465 nanometers. Retinol and tocopherol were isolated from serum by liquid-liquid extraction and immediately injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography system. The results show that patients had 1.77 times higher serum TBARS, 2.77 times higher free-cholesterol-LDL-TBARS, 1.43 times lower total antioxidant status, 1.30 times lower superoxide dismutase activity, 1.19 times lower catalase activity, 1.28 times lower glutathione peroxidase activity, 1.83 times lower α-tocopherol, 1.33 times lower ascorbic acid, and 1. 15 times lower retinol than controls; the results of the present research also demonstrate that significant differences were observed between patients and controls in blood urea (p=.013), serum creatinine (p=.007), uric acid (p=.015), albumin (p=.018), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p=.006). In diabetic nephropathy, there is a negative correlation between glomerular filtration rate and oxidant status parameters, while there is a positive correlation with antioxidant status indicators.