Indicators of perception: I. Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception: An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology.

Goldiamond, Israel

doi:10.1037/h0046992

Cited by 199 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…335-337;Macmillan & Creelman, 1991, pp. 112, 239, 255; see also Haase et al, 1999); indeed, many purported demonstrations of unconscious perception have been dismissed on just those grounds (Cheesman & Merikle, 1984;Goldiamond, 1958;Macmillan, 1986;Merikle, 1984). Contrariwise, null SDT detection sensitivity should prevent above-chance identification.…”

Section: Implications Of Sdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the advent of signal detection theory (SDT; e.g., Green & Swets, 1966), however, it became widely accepted that subjective thresholds might reflect response criterions applied to a single, conscious process, rather than delimiting the conscious/unconscious boundary. Because this alternative criterion artifact hypothesis is more parsimonious, it was widely viewed (Eriksen, 1960;Goldiamond, 1958) as a general refutation of subjective threshold methods, and it remains a serious hurdle that current unconscious perception models must address.…”

Section: Experimental and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence

Snodgrass

Bernat

Shevrin

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

156

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Unconscious perceptual effects remain controversial because it is hard to rule out alternative conscious perception explanations for them. We present a novel methodological framework, stressing the centrality of specifying the single-process conscious perception model (i.e., the null hypothesis). Various considerations, including those of SDT (Macmillan & Creelman, 1991), suggest that conscious perception functions hierarchically, in such a way that higher level effects (e.g., semantic priming) should not be possible without lower level discrimination (i.e., detection and identification). Relatedly, alternative conscious perception accounts (as well as the exhaustiveness, null sensitivity, and exclusiveness problems- Reingold & Merikle, 1988) predict positive relationships between direct and indirect measures. Contrariwise, our review suggests that negative and/or nonmonotonic relationships are found, providing strong evidence for unconscious perception and further suggesting that conscious and unconscious perceptual influences are functionally exclusive (cf. Jones, 1987), in such a way that the former typically override the latter when both are present. Consequently, unconscious perceptual effects manifest reliably only when conscious perception is completely absent, which occurs at the objective detection (but not identification) threshold.

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Section: Implications Of Sdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence

Snodgrass

Bernat

Shevrin

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Shortly thereafter, Dixon in England followed Fisher's lead (Dixon, 1956(Dixon, , 1958a, as did researchers at the Research Center for Mental Health at New York University (Klein, Spence, Holt, & Gourevitch 1958;Klein & Holt, 1960;Eagle, 1959;Eagle, Wolitzky, & Klein, 1966;Pine, 1960Pine, , 1961Spence, 1961Spence, , 1964 and researchers at the Menninger Foundation (Luborsky & Shevrin, 1956;Shevrin & Luborsky, 1958;Stross & Shevrin, 1962. These early studies were criticized by behaviorists such as Goldiamond (1958) and Eriksen (1960) on some of the same methodological grounds as Holender (1986) has more recently revived. Erdelyi (1974) and Bowers (1984), among others, have responded to critiques of this nature.…”

Section: The Role Of Subliminal Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-related potential indicators of the dynamic unconscious

Shevrin

Williams

Marshall

et al. 1992

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…All scientific measurements are susceptible to bias (12). In vision research, even first-time experimental subjects who are naive to a study's hypothesis have spent their lives analyzing ambiguous percepts and developing expertise through trial-and-error, at times unconscious of any perceptual learning (13).…”

Section: Psychophysics | Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the temporal dynamics of light to human perception

Rieiro

Martínez-Conde²,

Danielson

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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No previous research has tuned the temporal characteristics of light-emitting devices to enhance brightness perception in human vision, despite the potential for significant power savings. The role of stimulus duration on perceived contrast is unclear, due to contradiction between the models proposed by Bloch and by Broca and Sulzer over 100 years ago. We propose that the discrepancy is accounted for by the observer's "inherent expertise bias," a type of experimental bias in which the observer's life-long experience with interpreting the sensory world overcomes perceptual ambiguities and biases experimental outcomes. By controlling for this and all other known biases, we show that perceived contrast peaks at durations of 50-100 ms, and we conclude that the Broca-Sulzer effect best describes human temporal vision. We also show that the plateau in perceived brightness with stimulus duration, described by Bloch's law, is a previously uncharacterized type of temporal brightness constancy that, like classical constancy effects, serves to enhance object recognition across varied lighting conditions in natural vision-although this is a constancy effect that normalizes perception across temporal modulation conditions. A practical outcome of this study is that tuning light-emitting devices to match the temporal dynamics of the human visual system's temporal response function will result in significant power savings.psychophysics | experimental design

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Indicators of perception: I. Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception: An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology.

Cited by 199 publications

References 183 publications

Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence

Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence

Event-related potential indicators of the dynamic unconscious

Optimizing the temporal dynamics of light to human perception

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