Indices of extinction-induced “depression” after operant learning using a runway vs. a cued free-reward delivery schedule

Neurobiology of Supporting Syntactic Chains of Self-Grooming in Rodents and Its Biochecmical Characteristics

“…PCP induces generalized hyperlocomotion and other stereotypic behaviors in rodents [79] [87] [88] [89] [90]. Importantly, while PCP increases the duration of experimentally induced self-grooming, it only disrupts the self-grooming sequence when animals are stressed [35], indicating that self-grooming activity and its detailed patterning are differently controlled within the central nervous system (CNS).…”

“…Self-grooming is highly expressed in the Ninj1 knockout strain, and the SAPAP3-mutant strain also exhibits high levels of self-grooming. The BTRB strain demonstrates high levels of both self-grooming and other repetitive behaviors, while SHANK3 exhibits self-grooming that causes harm to its own body [28] [82] [88].…”

Effect of depression and anxiety on human schedule performance

“…Reed (2019) noted decreased rates of responding on some schedules of reinforcement in those with high levels of sub-clinical depressive traits, and Alloy and Abramson (1979) demonstrated reduced judgements of causal efficacy in depressed individuals on random ratio (RR) schedules. Given that loss of reinforcement leads to avoidance and withdrawal behaviours, which represent core symptoms of depression (Ferster, 1973;Trew, 2011), Topic, Kroger, Vildirasova andHuston (2012) state that rodent behaviours implicated in withdrawal from positive reinforcement during Human schedule behaviour -5 extinction could serve as a model of depressive-like states. However, as noted above, little direct evidence of the impact of depression on schedule performance is available.…”