“…Within the scientific and science education community there is a general agreement that the processes of science and its useful methods, values and ways of knowing and the ontological characteristics of the resultant scientific knowledge are robust and stable enough to clearly demarcate science from other ways of knowing such as IKS (Lederman, Lederman, & Antink, 2013;Webb, 2011). Without those characteristic features of science which is about the demand for truth and adequate justification (Horsthemke, 2004) other ways of knowing may have no place in the science curriculum as scientific knowledge, but may have a position as an area perhaps for debate (Onwu & Mosimege, 2004;Vhurumuku & Mokeleche, 2009) and/or as complementary knowledge (Onwu & Mosimege, 2004;Taylor & Cameron 2016). The question then arises: What criteria must other ways of knowing meet in order to be considered within the purview of science and its curricula?…”