“…The existing researches on the improvement of energy efficiency by international technology spillover have relatively adequate dimensions: the increase of enterprise research and development (R&D) expenditure (Shiell and Lyssenko, 2014;Wang and Feng, 2018;Saudi et al, 2019;Khan et al, 2021a), the improvement of enterprise absorptive capacity Bu et al, 2019), the adjustment of domestic industrial structure (Del Bo, 2013;Doytch and Narayan, 2016;Gui et al, 2017;Lei et al, 2017;Haug and Ucal, 2019), individual willingness (Irfan et al, 2021a;Irfan et al, 2021b;Irfan et al, 2021c), the increase of imitation capacity in competitor enterprise (Baltabaev, 2014;Merlevede et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014), and green technology innovation (Ali et al, 2021;Nuvvula et al, 2022). Representative views are the demonstration effect of more advanced technologies caused by FDI and the reverse technology spillover of OFDI reflected in optimizing the allocation of resource (Chen et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2020b), the effect of export trade reflected in the export process on promoting R&D in order to achieve international quality standards (Oskarsson and Yetiv, 2013;Xin and Liu, 2013;Geng and Yao, 2015;Irfan et al, 2020a), the effect of import trade reflected in advanced product applications, and R&D promotion due to market competition (Teng, 2012;Ohlan, 2015;Peng and Cao, 2015).…”