Indirect effect of sex hormones on the fetus

Papp, Zoltán; Gardó, S; Dolhay, B; Ruzicska, G

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(76)80291-0

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 3 publications

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“…Papp and colleagues (27) addressed the specific question of the effect of sex hormones on limb-reduction defects in a short letter which appeared in the Journal of Pediatrics in 1976. While the authors implicated an "estrogen-progesterone" combination in the four cases cited, the product (Limovan ® ) ingested by the mothers actually contained ethinyl estradiol and ethinyl testosterone.…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Congenital Defects and the Use of Exogenous Progestational “Contraceptive” Hormones During Pregnancy: A 20‐Year Review

Keith

Berger

1977

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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This review of 20 years of medical literature on the occurrence of congenital defects among offspring of women who ingested "progestational" or contraceptive hormones during pregnancy emphasizes the need for additional studies with carefully selected control groups. Other problems encountered in interpreting the existing literature, including the use of imprecise definitions, confusing nomenclature and inadequate clinical information, are also discussed.

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Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Congenital Defects and the Use of Exogenous Progestational “Contraceptive” Hormones During Pregnancy: A 20‐Year Review

Keith

Berger

1977

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Congenital abnormalities and hormones during pregnancy: A clinical review

Schardein¹

1980

Teratology

127

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A review of the extensive literature on the subject indicates that sex hormones have been associated with a wide variety of adverse clinical conditions following usage during pregnancy. About 230 cases of female pseudohermaphroditism have been reported following use of hormones with androgenic potency, but masculinization observed with estrogens in a few females may represent only adrenal-stimulated pseudohermaphroditism. Feminization of males, mostly by progestogens in some 45 cases, is unproven at present. Realizing the limitations of the published studies when all present data are considered, there seems no justification for undue concern over the induction of nongenital congenital malformations through hormone use in pregnancy. The available data on the association to cardiac, limb, and CNS defects, and to several malformative syndromes, are not convincing: the effects appear to be remarkably nonspecific, the studies are contradicted by a large number of negative reports, and an increased incidence of defects with increased usage has not materialized. A possible exception are the CNS malformations associated with the use of the antifertility agent clomiphene, and careful surveillance is warranted at present. While a reasonable interpretation from this review would be that hormones present no major teratogenic hazard, elimination of hormonal exposure whenever possible during pregnancy is suggested.

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Norethisterone acetate and ethinylestradiol in early human pregnancy

et al. 1984

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In a double-blind randomized trial, 25 women (8-9 weeks pregnant) received 20 mg norethisterone acetate (NET-AC) and 0.04 mg ethinylestradiol (EE2), 25 women receiving placebo. The patients were followed by ultrasound and the products at curettage studied macroscopically and microscopically. In an open trial, ten patients (5-9 weeks pregnant) received NET-AC + EE2, 11 serving as controls. The concentrations of plasma progesterone, estradiol-17 beta, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, norethisterone, and FSH were followed. The frequency of intrauterine hemorrhage in early pregnancy was not affected by NET-AC + EE2. Ultrasound was not reliable when studying the occurrence of decidual hemorrhages during early pregnancy. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of NET remain unchanged during early pregnancy. The treatment with NET-AC + EE2 had no effect on the heights and the time courses of the mean plasma values of progesterone, estradiol-17 beta, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and FSH. No differences were found between treated and nontreated patients in the pathology of the placenta or decidua as determined by both macroscopic and microscopic examinations. The hypothesis of Papp and Gardo, that decidual hemorrhages may be induced in early pregnancy as a consequence of a "withdrawal effect" of hormonal pregnancy tests, is not supported by the results of this investigation.

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Indirect effect of sex hormones on the fetus

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

The Relationship Between Congenital Defects and the Use of Exogenous Progestational “Contraceptive” Hormones During Pregnancy: A 20‐Year Review

The Relationship Between Congenital Defects and the Use of Exogenous Progestational “Contraceptive” Hormones During Pregnancy: A 20‐Year Review

Congenital abnormalities and hormones during pregnancy: A clinical review

Norethisterone acetate and ethinylestradiol in early human pregnancy

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