Indirect immunofluorescence for detecting anti-neuronal autoimmunity in CSF after COVID-19 – Possibilities and pitfalls

Mulder, Jan; Lindqvist, Isa; Rasmusson, Annica J.; Husén, Evelina; Rönnelid, Johan; Kumlien, Eva; Rostami, Elham; Virhammar, Johan; Cunningham, Janet L.

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.013

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A similar astrocyte-like staining pattern was also found after retrospective analysis of a case of malignant catatonia after COVID-19; however, this case showed additional immunoreactivity not seen in the present cases [5]. The staining patterns did not resemble cases with antibodies against Anti-N-methyle-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or the pattern seen for our other cases with neurological manifestations (acute necrotizing encephalopathy, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) associated with COVID-19 [6].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…In most cases with neurological involvement in COVID‐19, there is no evidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection [4]. There are, however, frequent reports of encephalitis ensuing acute infection, including presumed autoimmune encephalitis, but cases in which autoantibodies in CSF have been screened for and identified are few [5–8]. In addition, cases with myoclonia associated with COVID‐19 have been described [9–14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Myoclonus in patients with COVID‐19: Findings of autoantibodies against brain structures in cerebrospinal fluid

Lindqvist

Cunningham

Mulder

et al. 2023

Euro J of Neurology

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Background and purposeCOVID‐19 is associated with multiple neurological manifestations. The clinical presentation, trajectory, and treatment response for three cases of myoclonus during COVID‐19 infection, with no previous neurological disease, are decsribed.MetodsAnalysis of cerebrospinal fluid from the cases using indirect immunohistochemistry.ResultsAntibodies against rodent brain tissue, and similarities in staining patterns were observed, indicating the presence of antineuronal immunoglobulin G autoantibodies targeting astrocytes in the hippocampus.ConclusionOur results demontrate cerebrospinal fluid antineuronal antibodies indicating an an autoimmune involvment in the pathogenesis in COVID‐19 associated myoclonus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myoclonus in patients with COVID‐19: Findings of autoantibodies against brain structures in cerebrospinal fluid

Lindqvist

Cunningham

Mulder

et al. 2023

Euro J of Neurology

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“…One male developed malignant catatonia, with a normal MRI but pathological CSF (pleocytosis, oligoclonal bands and elevated IL-6), and IgG serum and CSF immunoreactivity to mouse brain, which improved after plasma exchange [47]. The same authors found CSF immunoreactivity from two females with MRI suggestive of encephalitis after COVID-19 onset, increased CSF IL-6 and good response to immunotherapy [48]. Finally, a young female with headache, drug-refractory seizures and neuroimaging suggestive of high-grade temporal glioma diagnosed after mild COVID-19 symptoms; biopsy showed concentric lymphocytic infiltration into perivascular spaces.…”

Section: Definite Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated With Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 90%

Neuroimmune disorders in COVID-19

et al. 2022

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the aetiologic agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is now rapidly disseminating throughout the world with 147,443,848 cases reported so far. Around 30–80% of cases (depending on COVID-19 severity) are reported to have neurological manifestations including anosmia, stroke, and encephalopathy. In addition, some patients have recognised autoimmune neurological disorders, including both central (limbic and brainstem encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [ADEM], and myelitis) and peripheral diseases (Guillain–Barré and Miller Fisher syndrome). We systematically describe data from 133 reported series on the Neurology and Neuropsychiatry of COVID-19 blog (https://blogs.bmj.com/jnnp/2020/05/01/the-neurology-and-neuropsychiatry-of-covid-19/) providing a comprehensive overview concerning the diagnosis, and treatment of patients with neurological immune-mediated complications of SARS-CoV-2. In most cases the latency to neurological disorder was highly variable and the immunological or other mechanisms involved were unclear. Despite specific neuronal or ganglioside antibodies only being identified in 10, many had apparent responses to immunotherapies. Although the proportion of patients experiencing immune-mediated neurological disorders is small, the total number is likely to be underestimated. The early recognition and improvement seen with use of immunomodulatory treatment, even in those without identified autoantibodies, makes delayed or missed diagnoses risk the potential for long-term disability, including the emerging challenge of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (PACS). Finally, potential issues regarding the use of immunotherapies in patients with pre-existent neuro-immunological disorders are also discussed.

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“…In addition to the updates to the HPA database, the HPA workflow and antibodies have been utilized for several major research studies, including several projects linked to the COVID-19 pandemics − and efforts for advanced imaging. One example is 3D imaging of sympathetic innervations, leading to further understanding of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease .…”

Section: Highlights From the Antibody Pillar/human Protein Atlasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2022 Report on the Human Proteome from the HUPO Human Proteome Project

et al. 2022

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The 2022 Metrics of the Human Proteome from the HUPO Human Proteome Project (HPP) show that protein expression has now been credibly detected (neXtProt PE1 level) for 18 407 (93.2%) of the 19 750 predicted proteins coded in the human genome, a net gain of 50 since 2021 from data sets generated around the world and reanalyzed by the HPP. Conversely, the number of neXtProt PE2, PE3, and PE4 missing proteins has been reduced by 78 from 1421 to 1343. This represents continuing experimental progress on the human proteome parts list across all the chromosomes, as well as significant reclassifications. Meanwhile, applying proteomics in a vast array of biological and clinical studies continues to yield significant findings and growing integration with other omics platforms. We present highlights from the Chromosome-Centric HPP, Biology and Disease-driven HPP, and HPP Resource Pillars, compare features of mass spectrometry and Olink and Somalogic platforms, note the emergence of translation products from ribosome profiling of small open reading frames, and discuss the launch of the initial HPP Grand Challenge Project, "A Function for Each Protein".

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Indirect immunofluorescence for detecting anti-neuronal autoimmunity in CSF after COVID-19 – Possibilities and pitfalls

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Myoclonus in patients with COVID‐19: Findings of autoantibodies against brain structures in cerebrospinal fluid

Myoclonus in patients with COVID‐19: Findings of autoantibodies against brain structures in cerebrospinal fluid

Neuroimmune disorders in COVID-19

The 2022 Report on the Human Proteome from the HUPO Human Proteome Project

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