Indirect protection of children from SARS-CoV-2 infection through parental vaccination

Hayek, Samah; Shaham, Galit; Ben‐Shlomo, Yatir; Kepten, Eldad; Dagan, Noa; Nevo, Daniel; Lipsitch, Marc; Reis, Ben Y.; Balicer, Ran D.; Barda, Noam

doi:10.1126/science.abm3087

Cited by 48 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In preceding literature, vaccination was associated with a reduction in transmission of the alpha and the delta variants [29]. Parental vaccination confers substantial protection on unvaccinated children in the household [30]. Viable delta variant virus was detected for a notably longer duration in partially vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals compared with fully vaccinated individuals [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Increased Secondary Attack Rates among the Household Contacts of Patients with the Omicron Variant of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan

Ogata

Tanaka²,

Tanaka

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This study investigated the household secondary attack rate (HSAR) of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the omicron variant-dominant period. The HSAR of COVID-19 cases during the omicron variant-dominant period (4–20 January 2022) was calculated and compared with the delta variant-dominant period (20 August to 7 November 2021) in Itako, Japan. In Itako, all 47 and 119 samples tested during the omicron and delta variant-dominant periods were negative and positive, respectively, for the L452R mutation. We used a generalized estimating equation regression model. The HSAR was 31.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 27.7–36.2) for 456 household contacts during the omicron variant-dominant period; it was higher than that during the delta variant-dominant period (25.2%) (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.61, CI 1.13–2.28). During the omicron variant-dominant period, HSAR was lower for the household contacts of completely vaccinated index patients (27.3%) than for contacts of other index patients (41.2%) (vaccine effectiveness for infectee 0.43, 95% CI 0.16–0.62) and was significantly higher for female contacts than for male contacts (36.2% vs. 26.1%; aRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.01–1.65). The HSAR was significantly higher during the omicron variant-dominant period than the delta variant-dominant period. The vaccination of index patients might protect household contacts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Increased Secondary Attack Rates among the Household Contacts of Patients with the Omicron Variant of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan

Ogata

Tanaka²,

Tanaka

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Identification of the nature of vaccine waning ( 4 ) led Israeli authorities to initiate an extensive booster campaign that curtailed the Delta resurgence. Previous studies have quantified the effects of boosting on an individual level ( 5 , 10 , 11 ). Here, we expand our understanding to the population level by constructing a mathematical model that accurately describes the Delta surge dynamics in Israel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The direct protection of the booster has been estimated in both clinical trials and observational studies ( 5 , 12 , 13 ). Indirect protection due to parental vaccination was estimated in household studies ( 10 , 11 ). Similarly, the household study ( 14 ) found that the odds ratio of a secondary case in a vaccinated individual was 0.54 of an unvaccinated individual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-level implications of the Israeli booster campaign to curtail COVID-19 resurgence

et al. 2022

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Israel was one of the first countries to administer mass vaccination. Consequently, it was among the first countries to experience substantial breakthrough infections due to the waning of vaccine-induced immunity, which led to a resurgence of the epidemic. In response, Israel launched a booster campaign to mitigate the outbreak, and was the first country to do so. Israel’s success in curtailing the Delta resurgence while imposing only mild non-pharmaceutical interventions influenced the decision of many countries to initiate a booster campaign. By constructing a detailed mathematical model and calibrating it to the Israeli data, we extend the understanding of the impact of the booster campaign from the individual to the population level. We used the calibrated model to explore counterfactual scenarios in which the booster vaccination campaign is altered by changing the eligibility criteria or the start time of the campaign and to assess the direct and indirect effects in the different scenarios. The results point to the vast benefits of vaccinating younger age groups that are not at a high risk of developing severe disease but play an important role in transmission. We further show that when the epidemic is exponentially growing the success of the booster campaign is highly sensitive to the timing of its initiation. Hence a rapid response is an important factor in reducing disease burden using booster vaccination.

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“…Whether antibody transfer mediates host protection will be a function of exposure, but it seems reasonable to suggest, all things being equal, that any amount of antibody transfer would prove useful to the recipient host. A recent publication showed substantial benefits of parental vaccination in reducing the risk of infection in the unvaccinated children in the same home 6 . It is tempting to speculate that aerosol-mediated antibody transfer may have possibly contributed to their findings reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Aerosol Transfer of SARS-CoV2-specific Humoral Immunity

Kedl

Hsieh

Morrison

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Despite the obvious knowledge that infectious particles can be shared through respiration, whether other constituents of the nasal/oral fluids can be passed between hosts has surprisingly never even been postulated, let alone investigated. The circumstances of the present pandemic facilitated a unique opportunity to fully examine this provocative idea. The data we show provides evidence for a new mechanism by which herd immunity may be manifested, the aerosol transfer of antibodies between immune and non-immune hosts.

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Indirect protection of children from SARS-CoV-2 infection through parental vaccination

Cited by 48 publications

References 38 publications

Increased Secondary Attack Rates among the Household Contacts of Patients with the Omicron Variant of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan

Increased Secondary Attack Rates among the Household Contacts of Patients with the Omicron Variant of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan

Population-level implications of the Israeli booster campaign to curtail COVID-19 resurgence

Evidence for Aerosol Transfer of SARS-CoV2-specific Humoral Immunity

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