Indium-bearing sulfides from the Hämmerlein skarn deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany: evidence for late-stage diffusion of indium into sphalerite

Bauer, Matthias; Seifert, Thomas; Burisch, Mathias; Krause, Joachim; Richter, Nancy; Gutzmer, Jens

doi:10.1007/s00126-017-0773-1

Cited by 61 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…% In. In Huari Huari, the occurrence of chalcopyrite was minor, so that a major role of this phase in the hosting and redistribution of In as suggested by Bauer et al [19] was not conceivable. Besides, and unfortunately, grain sizes of chalcopyrite crystals in Huari Huari were too small to be reliably analyzed by EPMA.…”

Section: Mineralogical Expression Of Indiummentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Chalcopyrite was reported to host the largest amount of this metal in some deposits [74]. A recent study by Bauer et al [19] suggested that in skarn deposits from Erzgebirge (Germany), chalcopyrite was the chief host for In, and that extremely high concentrations (up to 20 wt. % In) in sphalerite were the result of hydrothermal overprinting after the destabilization of In-bearing chalcopyrite.…”

Section: Mineralogical Expression Of Indiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technological element, as well as germanium and gallium, is mostly recovered as a by-product from the production of other metals, chiefly zinc in sulfide minerals (i.e., sphalerite) [6], although important resources are described in tin ore as well [7,8]. Major hosts for indium include a variety of mineralization styles such as volcanic-hosted massive sulfide and stratabound carbonate-hosted deposits, greisen, polymetallic vein-type (s.l., including xenothermal deposits), porphyry tin, skarn and epithermal deposits, and important resources are reported in Bolivia, Peru, China, Japan, Canada, and Russia [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Controls on the Distribution of Indium in Xenothermal Vein-Deposits: The Huari Huari District, Potosí, Bolivia

et al. 2019

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The Huari Huari deposit, Potosí Department in SW Bolivia, hosts polymetallic stratiform and vein mineralization of Miocene age with significant concentrations of the critical metal indium (In). Vein mineralization records document early crystallization of quartz and cassiterite followed by prominent associations of sulfides and sulfosalts. The earliest sulfide was arsenopyrite, followed by pyrrhotite, and progressively giving way to pyrite as the main iron sulfide, whereas Cu–Ag–Pb sulfosalts constitute late hypogene associations. Sphalerite is the chief ore mineral, and its crystallization is extended during most of the mineralization lifespan as evidenced by its initial cocrystallization with pyrrhotine, then with pyrite, and finally with Ag–Pb sulfosalts. The composition of sphalerite varies from early to late generations with a continuous decrease in FeS that attests to a decrease in temperature, which is constrained to vary from ~450 to <200 °C, and/or an increase in f(S2), both congruent with the described paragenetic sequence. Indium concentrated mostly in the structure of Fe-rich sphalerite (up to 3.49 wt. %) and stannite (up to 2.64 wt. %) as limited solid solutions with roquesite in the (Zn,Fe)S–Cu2FeSnS4–CuInS2 pseudoternary system. In sphalerite, In shows a strong positive correlation with Cu at Cu/In = 1, suggesting its incorporation via a (Cu+ + In3+) ↔ 2Zn2+ coupled substitution, and it does not correlate with Fe. In stannite, In shows a moderate, negative correlation with Cu and Sn, and an In3+ ↔ (Cu+ + ½ Sn4+) coupled substitution is suggested. Coexisting sphalerite and stannite yielded the highest In concentrations and crystallized at temperatures between 350 and 250 °C. Copper activity probably played a major role in the accumulation of In in the structure of sphalerite since In-bearing sphalerite coexisted with the deposition of stannite, shows high concentrations of Cu (up to 0.13 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.)) in its structure, and hosts exsolutions of stannite and chalcopyrite. Distribution on the district scale of In suggests an input of hydrothermal fluids richer in Cu in the central position of the mineralizing system, represented by the Antón Bravo vein.

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Section: Mineralogical Expression Of Indiummentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Mineralogical Expression Of Indiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Controls on the Distribution of Indium in Xenothermal Vein-Deposits: The Huari Huari District, Potosí, Bolivia

et al. 2019

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“…High concentrations of In have been described in sphalerite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, stannite, tennantite, and tin sulfosalts [14]. Indium is not exploited as a primary commodity, but rather as a co-product or by-product of base metals, chiefly in zinc [15][16][17][18][19], but also in tin [20] and copper [21] ores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of In is reported in ore deposits that span a broad range of ages and mineralization styles [11,14]. High concentrations are described prominently in exhalative deposits hosted in volcanic (e.g., [22,23]) and sedimentary sequences (e.g., [24]), granite-hosted (including greisen-type, e.g., [25,26]), vein-stockwork Sn-W, porphyry Sn and xenothermal Sn-W-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag veins (e.g., [27][28][29][30]), skarn (e.g., [18,31]), ,and epithermal (e.g., [15,16,32,33]) deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indium Mineralization in the Volcanic Dome-Hosted Ánimas–Chocaya–Siete Suyos Polymetallic Deposit, Potosí, Bolivia

et al. 2019

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A volcanic dome complex of Miocene age hosts the In-bearing Ánimas–Chocaya–Siete Suyos district in SW Bolivia. Ore mineralization occurs as banded and massive infillings in sub-vertical, NE-SW striking veins. In this article, a detailed petrographic study is combined with in situ mineral geochemistry determinations in ore from the Arturo, Chorro and Diez veins in the Siete Suyos mine, the Ánimas, Burton, Colorada, and Rosario veins in the Ánimas mine and the Nueva vein in the Chocaya mine. A three-stage paragenetic sequence is roughly determined for all of them, and includes (1) an early low-sulfidation stage that is dominated by cassiterite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, and high-Fe sphalerite (FeS > 21 mol. %); (2) a second intermediate-sulfidation stage dominated by pyrite + marcasite ± intermediate product, sphalerite (FeS < 21 mol. %), stannite, and local famatinite; and, (3) a late intermediate-sulfidation stage dominated by galena and Ag-Pb-Sn sulfosalts. Electron-probe microanalyses reveal high indium enrichment in stage-2 sphalerite (up to 9.66 wt.% In) and stannite (up to 4.11 wt.% In), and a moderate enrichment in rare wurtzite (up to 1.61 wt.% In), stage-1 sphalerite (0.35 wt.% In), cassiterite (up to 0.25 wt.% In2O3), and ramdohrite (up to 0.24 wt.% In). Therefore, the main indium mineralization in the district can be associated to the second, intermediate-sulfidation stage, chiefly in those veins in which sphalerite and stannite are more abundant. Atomic concentrations of In and Cu in sphalerite yield a positive correlation at Cu/In = 1 that agrees with a (Cu+ + In3+) 2Zn2+ coupled substitution. The availability of Cu in the mineralizing fluids during the crystallization of sphalerite is, in consequence, essential for the incorporation of indium in its crystal lattice and would control the distribution of indium enrichment at different scales. The highest concentrations of indium in sphalerite, which is found in the Diez vein in the Siete Suyos mine, occur in crustiform bands of sphalerite with local “chalcopyrite disease” texture, which has not been observed in the other studied veins. In stannite, the atomic concentrations of In are negatively correlated with those of Cu and Sn at Cu + In = 2 and Sn + In = 1. Thus, atomic proportions and correlations suggest the contextualization of the main indium mineralization in the sphalerite–stannite–roquesite pseudoternary system.

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Quantifying indium with ion chromatography in hydro‐ and biohydrometallurgical leaching solutions

Ashworth

Weller

Frisch

2019

J of Separation Science

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A methodology has been developed to chromatographically quantify indium in polymetallic (bio)hydrometallurgical processing solutions using the Dionex IonPac CS5A column and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid eluent. Cu(II) and In(III) could be separated by elevating the column temperature to 45 • C. The comparatively low stability constant of the In-eluent complex (log K 2 = 3.8) required typical leaching samples to be diluted in the eluent rather than acid or water to overcome ligand competition between components of the sample solution and the eluent. The methodology was applied to leachates from (bio)hydrometallurgical processing of oxidic flue dust residues and sulfidic zinc ores, where both are promising candidates for the recovery of indium from low grade ores and metallurgical wastes. Indium, ferrous iron, ferric iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and manganese concentrations could be simultaneously quantified. The method was found suitable for samples containing at least 0.25 mg/L indium and an iron to indium ratio of up to 100:1. K E Y W O R D Scomplex stability, hydrometallurgy, indium, ion exchange chromatography, leaching

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Indium-bearing sulfides from the Hämmerlein skarn deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany: evidence for late-stage diffusion of indium into sphalerite

Cited by 61 publications

References 44 publications

Spatial and Temporal Controls on the Distribution of Indium in Xenothermal Vein-Deposits: The Huari Huari District, Potosí, Bolivia

Spatial and Temporal Controls on the Distribution of Indium in Xenothermal Vein-Deposits: The Huari Huari District, Potosí, Bolivia

Indium Mineralization in the Volcanic Dome-Hosted Ánimas–Chocaya–Siete Suyos Polymetallic Deposit, Potosí, Bolivia

Quantifying indium with ion chromatography in hydro‐ and biohydrometallurgical leaching solutions

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