Indium Mineralization in the Xianghualing Sn-Polymetallic Orefield in Southern Hunan, Southern China

Liu, Jianping; Rong, Yanan; Shu-gen, Zhang; Liu, Zhongfa; Chen, Weikang

doi:10.3390/min7090173

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…As of EPMA analyses, relevant indium contents were found in franckeite, rhodostannite, sphalerite, cassiterite and stannite, but only traces of gallium were found. EPMA values and guidelines from References [29][30][31][32][33] allowed to selecting the most susceptible minerals to contain relevant amounts of strategic elements indium and gallium, which were considered to be sphalerite, cassiterite, stannite and rhodostannite. The most noticeable germanium contents were consistently obtained by means of EPMA in rhodostannite (up to 0.21 wt.% Ge) and franckeite (up to 0.16 wt.% Ge), and this element was also quantified in bismuthinite, terrywallaceite, jamesonite, stannite, treasurite, and in unidentified minerals (Table S1).…”

Section: Mineral Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Poopó Polymetallic Epithermal Deposit, Bolivia: Mineralogy, Genetic Constraints, and Distribution of Critical Elements

et al. 2019

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The tin-rich polymetallic epithermal deposit of Poopó, of plausible Late Miocene age, is part of the Bolivian Tin Belt. As an epithermal low sulfidation mineralisation, it represents a typological end-member within the “family” of Bolivian tin deposits. The emplacement of the mineralisation was controlled by the regional fault zone that constitutes the geological border between the Bolivian Altiplano and the Eastern Andes Cordillera. In addition to Sn and Ag, its economic interest resides in its potential in critical elements as In, Ga and Ge. This paper provides the first systematic characterisation of the complex mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Poopó deposit with the twofold aim of identifying the mineral carriers of critical elements and endeavouring to ascertain plausible metallogenic processes for the formation of this deposit, by means of a multi-methodological approach. The poor development of hydrothermal alteration assemblage, the abundance of sulphosalts and the replacement of löllingite and pyrrhotite by arsenopyrite and pyrite, respectively, indicate that this deposit is ascribed to the low-sulphidation subtype of epithermal deposits, with excursions into higher states of sulphidation. Additionally, the occurrence of pyrophyllite and topaz has been interpreted as the result of discrete pulses of high-sulphidation magmatic fluids. The δ34SVCDT range in sulphides (−5.9 to −2.8‰) is compatible either with: i. hybrid sulphur sources (i.e., magmatic and sedimentary or metasedimentary); or ii. a sole magmatic source involving magmas that derived from partial melting of sedimentary rocks or underwent crustal assimilation. In their overall contents in critical elements (In, Ga and Ge), the key minerals in the Poopó deposit, based on their abundance in the deposit and compositions, are rhodostannite, franckeite, cassiterite, stannite and, less importantly, teallite, sphalerite and jamesonite.

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Section: Mineral Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Poopó Polymetallic Epithermal Deposit, Bolivia: Mineralogy, Genetic Constraints, and Distribution of Critical Elements

et al. 2019

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“…The occurrence of In is reported in ore deposits that span a broad range of ages and mineralization styles [11,14]. High concentrations are described prominently in exhalative deposits hosted in volcanic (e.g., [22,23]) and sedimentary sequences (e.g., [24]), granite-hosted (including greisen-type, e.g., [25,26]), vein-stockwork Sn-W, porphyry Sn and xenothermal Sn-W-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag veins (e.g., [27][28][29][30]), skarn (e.g., [18,31]), ,and epithermal (e.g., [15,16,32,33]) deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indium Mineralization in the Volcanic Dome-Hosted Ánimas–Chocaya–Siete Suyos Polymetallic Deposit, Potosí, Bolivia

et al. 2019

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A volcanic dome complex of Miocene age hosts the In-bearing Ánimas–Chocaya–Siete Suyos district in SW Bolivia. Ore mineralization occurs as banded and massive infillings in sub-vertical, NE-SW striking veins. In this article, a detailed petrographic study is combined with in situ mineral geochemistry determinations in ore from the Arturo, Chorro and Diez veins in the Siete Suyos mine, the Ánimas, Burton, Colorada, and Rosario veins in the Ánimas mine and the Nueva vein in the Chocaya mine. A three-stage paragenetic sequence is roughly determined for all of them, and includes (1) an early low-sulfidation stage that is dominated by cassiterite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, and high-Fe sphalerite (FeS > 21 mol. %); (2) a second intermediate-sulfidation stage dominated by pyrite + marcasite ± intermediate product, sphalerite (FeS < 21 mol. %), stannite, and local famatinite; and, (3) a late intermediate-sulfidation stage dominated by galena and Ag-Pb-Sn sulfosalts. Electron-probe microanalyses reveal high indium enrichment in stage-2 sphalerite (up to 9.66 wt.% In) and stannite (up to 4.11 wt.% In), and a moderate enrichment in rare wurtzite (up to 1.61 wt.% In), stage-1 sphalerite (0.35 wt.% In), cassiterite (up to 0.25 wt.% In2O3), and ramdohrite (up to 0.24 wt.% In). Therefore, the main indium mineralization in the district can be associated to the second, intermediate-sulfidation stage, chiefly in those veins in which sphalerite and stannite are more abundant. Atomic concentrations of In and Cu in sphalerite yield a positive correlation at Cu/In = 1 that agrees with a (Cu+ + In3+) 2Zn2+ coupled substitution. The availability of Cu in the mineralizing fluids during the crystallization of sphalerite is, in consequence, essential for the incorporation of indium in its crystal lattice and would control the distribution of indium enrichment at different scales. The highest concentrations of indium in sphalerite, which is found in the Diez vein in the Siete Suyos mine, occur in crustiform bands of sphalerite with local “chalcopyrite disease” texture, which has not been observed in the other studied veins. In stannite, the atomic concentrations of In are negatively correlated with those of Cu and Sn at Cu + In = 2 and Sn + In = 1. Thus, atomic proportions and correlations suggest the contextualization of the main indium mineralization in the sphalerite–stannite–roquesite pseudoternary system.

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“…The skarn-related granites in the three deposits are highly differentiated and can be classified as reduced, high-K-calc-alkaline, A2-subtype granitoids, formed in an extensional tectonic setting [24,33,34,44,63,68]. In addition, the granites are believed to have contributed a large proportion of the volatile components (especially fluorine, [24,25,36,42,44,62,68,72]) and ore-forming elements [16,40,47,52]. Although the parental magmas of the three granitic plutons are highly fractionated, the degree of Figure 8.…”

Section: Magma Differentiation and Metasomatismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the granites are believed to have contributed a large proportion of the volatile components (especially fluorine, [24,25,36,42,44,62,68,72]) and ore-forming elements [16,40,47,52]. Although the parental magmas of the three granitic plutons are highly fractionated, the degree of differentiation, which can be inferred from whole-rock element compositions, could vary between the plutons.…”

Section: Magma Differentiation and Metasomatismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Sources of World-Class Polymetallic W–Sn Skarns in the Nanling Range, South China: Granites versus Sedimentary Rocks?

Jiang

Evans

et al. 2018

Minerals

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Widespread, large-scale polymetallic W-Sn mineralization occurs throughout the Nanling Range (South China) dated 160-150 Ma, and related to widely developed coeval granitic magmatism. Although intense research has been carried out on these deposits, the relative contribution of ore-forming elements either from granites or from surrounding strata is still debated. In addition, the factors controlling the primary metallogenic element in any given skarn deposit (e.g., W-dominated or Sn-dominated) are still unclear. Here, we select three of the most significant skarn-deposits (i.e., Huangshaping W-Mo-Sn, Shizhuyuan W-Sn-Mo-Bi and Xianghualing Sn), and compare their whole-rock geochemistry with the composition of associated granites and strata. The contents of Si, Al and most trace elements in skarns are controlled by the parent granite, whereas their Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Ti, Sr and REE patterns are strongly influenced by the wall rock. Samples from the Huangshaping skarn vary substantially in elemental composition, probably indicating their varied protoliths. Strata at the Shizhuyuan deposit exerted a strong control during metasomatism, whereas this occurred to a lesser degree at Huangshaping and Xianghualing. This correlates with increasing magma differentiation and increasing reduction state of granitic magmas, which along with the degree of stratigraphic fluid circulation, exert the primary control on dominant metallogenic species. We propose that wall rock sediments played an important role in the formation of W-Sn polymetallic mineralization in South China.

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Indium Mineralization in the Xianghualing Sn-Polymetallic Orefield in Southern Hunan, Southern China

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

The Poopó Polymetallic Epithermal Deposit, Bolivia: Mineralogy, Genetic Constraints, and Distribution of Critical Elements

The Poopó Polymetallic Epithermal Deposit, Bolivia: Mineralogy, Genetic Constraints, and Distribution of Critical Elements

Indium Mineralization in the Volcanic Dome-Hosted Ánimas–Chocaya–Siete Suyos Polymetallic Deposit, Potosí, Bolivia

Metal Sources of World-Class Polymetallic W–Sn Skarns in the Nanling Range, South China: Granites versus Sedimentary Rocks?

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