Individual and simultaneous determination of lead, cadmium, and zinc by anodic stripping voltammetry at a bismuth bulk electrode

Abstract

A bismuth bulk electrode (BiBE) has been investigated as an alternative electrode for the anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) analysis of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II). The BiBE, which is fabricated in house, shows results comparable to those of similar analyses at other Bi-based electrodes. Metal accumulation is achieved by holding the electrode potential at −1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 180 s followed by a square wave voltammetric stripping scan from −1.4 to −0.35 V. Calibration plots are obtained for all three metals, individually and simultaneously, in the 10-100 μg L −1 range, with a detection limit of 105, 54, and 396 ng L −1 for Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), respectively. A slight reduction in slope is observed for Cd(II) and Pb(II) when the three metals are calibrated simultaneously vs. individually. Comparing the sensitivities of the metals when calibrated individually vs in a mixture reveals that Zn(II) is not affected by stripping in a mixture. However, Pb(II) and Cd(II) have decreasing sensitivities in a mixture. The optimized method has been successfully used to test contaminated river water by standard addition. The results demonstrate the ability of the BiBE as an alternative electrode material in heavy metal analysis.

Determination of Lead by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using an Electrochemical Sensor

“…Furthermore, a solution containing 0.01 mol L -1 HNO3 and 0.01 mol L -1 KCl may provide a more acidic environment, which had a significant effect on the lead peak potential. 30 In addition, Armstrong et al 31 used a deposition potential of -1.4 V in fabricated electrodes for the simultaneous preconcentration of lead, cadmium, and zinc, followed by a square wave voltammetric stripping scan. The calibration plots for lead were obtained in the 10 -100 μg L -1 range, with a detection limit of 93 ng L -1 for Pb…”

Determination of Lead in Water by Linear Sweep Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (LSASV) at Unmodified Carbon Paste Electrode: Optimization of Operating Parameters

“…The bismuth alone (bismuth bulk electrode [26], or a bismuth film [27]) or modified by carbon nanotubes [28], was used for titration (by anodic stripping voltammetries) of mixtures of lead, cadmium, zinc, or indium; low detection limits (~1 µg/L) seems to be achieved. Since its introduction by Ralph Norman Adams [31] as an alternative to the mercury electrode, the carbon paste electrode has been largely used for its ad- …”

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Tools for Analysis of Trace Metals in Environmental Matrices

“…Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [10], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) [11], cathodic and anodic stripping voltammetry [12,13], inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) [14], and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [14] are the most widely used analytical techniques for determination of trace metals in different matrices. However, these techniques are expensive, tedious, complex, and highly time-consuming [15][16][17].…”