Individual and social resources predicting well-being and functioning in the later years: Conceptual models, research and practice

Martin, Peter

doi:10.1007/s12126-002-1000-6

Cited by 54 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Based on Martin's findings concerning the negative effect of cumulative adverse events on social support [10] , preliminary regressions for distal influences included the number of life events, and an 8-item scale for engaged lifestyle, about e.g. whether the centenarian reported a major vacation or activity as a public speaker ( ␣ = 0.54).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distal and Proximal Resource Influences on Economic Dependency among the Oldest Old

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tenarians were not more dependent than octogenarians. Cognitive ability had the strongest effects for medical care and caregiving services. 'Extraversion', 'ideas', 'neuroticism', and 'competence' personality factors had significant effects for caregiving types and total hours of care received. Conclusion: Monitoring and intervention to maintain cognitive ability are critical practices for autonomy and reduced economic dependency among the oldest old. Psychological resources are more important influences on social support than functional health and other proximal economic resources. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel Population trends associated with increased longevity world-wide include rapid growth in the oldest-old segment and the emergence of more centenarians as exceptional survivors [1] . Caring for the extreme survivors among the oldest old may create a substantial new burden on family and public support systems, so maintaining Key WordsOldest old ؒ Economic dependency ؒ Cognition ؒ Personality Abstract Background: As exceptional survivors, centenarians may have characteristics that reduce their dependency on family and community support systems despite the expectation that their extreme age creates a burden on those systems. The Georgia Centenarian Study obtained information about assistance for income, medical care, and caregiving of all types for a sample of centenarians and octogenarians. Previous studies have not established which characteristics may contribute to economic dependency among the oldest old. Objective: To identify distal and proximal resource influences on economic dependency, considering past lifestyle, proximal health, economic resources, personality, and coping behavior. Methods: Analysis sample sizes ranged from 109 to 138 octogenarians and centenarians. Blockwise multiple regressions predicted whether they received income assistance, number of medical care events, number of caregiving types, and total caregiving hours. Results: Past life style, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, functional health, and coping were not related to economic dependency. With the exception of the number of types of care, cen-

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our theoretical framework is the life-span developmental adaptation model proposed by Martin and Martin [9] , which Martin [10] used to analyze the role of personality, social support, and economic resources in the first Georgia Centenarian Study. Key to this model is consideration of proximal and distal influences on adaptation.…”

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Distal and Proximal Resource Influences on Economic Dependency among the Oldest Old

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“…Results of a personality study from the first Georgia Centenarian Study using the Cattell 16PF indicated that centenarians had higher scores in Dominance, Suspiciousness, and Shrewdness, whereas they were lower in Imagination and Tension when compared to two younger groups (Martin 2002). When retesting centenarians after 18 months, the Georgia team found that centenarians had decreased scores in Sensitivity, but higher scores in Radicalism .…”

Section: Personality and Absolute Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality and longevity: findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Martin

Rosa

Siegler

et al. 2006

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Centenarians are thought of as unique and exceptional survivors. This study evaluated specific personality traits and configurations of traits among participants of the Georgia Centenarian Study. Two hundred and eighty five centenarians and their nominated proxies participated in this study. Self ratings and proxy informant ratings were obtained for different traits and facets of the Big-5 personality typology. Results suggested that centenarians overall had low levels of Neuroticism, but high levels of Extraversion, Competence, and Trust. When compared to centenarian self ratings, proxies provided significantly higher ratings for Neuroticism, Hostility, and Vulnerability, but lower ratings for Competence and Trust. Among Centenarians, the personality configuration of low Neuroticism, high Competence, and high Extraversion traits is over-represented relative to chance. The results confirm that centenarians show several unique single traits, but that a special combination of traits (i.e., low levels of Neuroticism, high Competence, and high Extraversion) are also notable in this group of exceptional survivors.

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“…We addressed whether or not social resources are associated with nursing home residence after accounting for the contributions of age, cognitive deficiencies, functional impairment, and economic resources. Thus, based on the principles proffered by Baltes [12] and the extant empirical literature [6,13,16] , we predicted centenarians would exhibit the lowest levels of social resources relative to octogenarians and, in particular, centenarians residing in nursing homes would exhibit the lowest levels relative to those residing in private homes or personal care facilities. Similarly, we predicted that higher levels of social resources would reduce the probability of nursing home residence.…”

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Social Resources and Longevity: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study

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Background: As the proportion of adults aged 85 and older increases, investigations of resources essential for adapting to the challenges of aging are required. Objective: To comprehensively investigate the social resources of cognitively intact centenarians participating in the Georgia Centenarian Study and the association between these resources and residence status. Methods: Two widely used measures of social resources were investigated among participants living in private homes, personal care facilities, and nursing homes. Logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of nursing home residence. Results: Differences in levels of social resources were found between centenarians and octogenarians, and among centenarians in different living situations. Analyses revealed differential findings between self- and proxy reports. Controlling for education, activities of daily living, and financial ability to meet needs, only one of the two social resources measures significantly reduced the odds of nursing home residence. Conclusion: The findings of this study add to the existing literature on one of the basic adaptive resources (social resources) for centenarians. Whether a more specific assessment of network contact is employed, or a more global assessment is used, differences in these constructs exist between centenarians and octogenarians, among centenarians in differing living conditions, and across types of informants. Researchers examining the different resources that may contribute to extraordinary longevity and positive adaptation may find it essential to differentiate between the oldest old and centenarians, and to account for differences based upon measure, reporter type, and centenarian residence status.

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Individual and social resources predicting well-being and functioning in the later years: Conceptual models, research and practice

Cited by 54 publications

References 72 publications

Distal and Proximal Resource Influences on Economic Dependency among the Oldest Old

Distal and Proximal Resource Influences on Economic Dependency among the Oldest Old

Personality and longevity: findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Social Resources and Longevity: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study

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