Individual-based modeling of shelled pteropods

Elizondo, Urs Hofmann; Vogt, Meike

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109944

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The Lagrangian space‐time identification of OA extremes opens new perspectives with regard to our understanding of the impact of extreme events on certain organisms such as the pteropod L. helicina . Coupling the results of our study to individual‐based models may reveal some particularly damaging types of extremes (Hofmann Elizondo & Vogt, 2021). This knowledge together with an assessment of the temporal changes in OAXs will be highly relevant to comprehend how OA extremes may shape ecosystem structure, function, and health in the future (Gruber et al., 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Tracking the Space‐Time Evolution of Ocean Acidification Extremes in the California Current System and Northeast Pacific

et al. 2022

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Ocean acidification is punctuated by episodic extremes of low pH and saturation state with regard to aragonite (ΩA). Here, we use a hindcast simulation from 1984 to 2019 with a high‐resolution regional ocean model (ROMS‐BEC) to identify and track ocean acidification extremes (OAX) in the northeast Pacific and the California current system (CCS). In the first step, we identify all grid‐cells whose pH and ΩA are simultaneously below their first percentile over the analysis period (1984–2019). In the second step, we aggregate all neighboring cells with extreme conditions into three‐dimensional time evolving events, permitting us to track them in a Lagrangian manner over their lifetime. We detect more than 22 thousand events that occur at least once in the upper 100 m during their lifetime, with broad distributions in terms of size, duration, volume, and intensity, and with 26% of them harboring corrosive conditions (ΩA < 1). By clustering the OAXs, we find three types of extremes in the CCS. Near the coast, intense, shallow, and short‐lasting OAXs dominate, caused by strong upwelling. A second type consists of large and long‐lasting OAX events that are associated with westward propagating cyclonic eddies. They account for only 3% of all extremes, but are the most severe events. The third type is small extremes at depth arising from pycnocline heave. OAXs potentially have deleterious effects on marine life. Marine calcifiers, such as pteropods, might be especially impacted by the long‐lasting events with corrosive conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Tracking the Space‐Time Evolution of Ocean Acidification Extremes in the California Current System and Northeast Pacific

et al. 2022

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“…Foraminifers are less sensitive to changes in saturation states as their shells are made of calcite (Orr et al., 2005; Weinkauf et al., 2016), but laboratory and field studies point to reduced calcification rates and metabolic depression for them as pH decreases (C. V. Davis et al., 2017; Iwasaki et al., 2019; Moy et al., 2009; Osborne et al., 2020), even though calcite saturation states are higher than aragonite saturation states. As our statistical models, by design, did not include any indicator of organism physiology or biomineralization and were based on climatological environmental conditions, we could not account for such effects in the way that for example, equation‐based numerical models with an explicit representation of organismal physiology, such as individual‐based models do (Hofmann Elizondo & Vogt, 2022). Based on field studies, changes in carbonate chemistry have not been shown to cause large‐scale abundance decreases of either pteropods or foraminifers (Howes et al., 2015; Ohman et al., 2009; Thibodeau et al., 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This TC‐TIC conversion factor is based on data for L. helicina antarctica and hence probably not representative for all pteropod species and life stages (Hofmann Elizondo & Vogt, 2022). To account for the lack of species‐specific TC‐TIC conversion factors in literature, we added an uncertainty range of ±20% to the conversion factor, based on the range of TIC values reported in Bednaršek, Tarling, et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Zooplankton Calcifiers on the Marine Carbon Cycle

Knecht

Benedetti

Elizondo

et al. 2023

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Shelled pteropods and planktic foraminifers are calcifying zooplankton that contribute to the biological carbon pump via the sinking of their calcareous shells. However, their importance for regional and global plankton biomass and carbon fluxes is not well understood. Here, we modeled global annual patterns of pteropod and foraminifer total carbon (TC) biomass and total inorganic carbon (TIC) export fluxes over the top 200 m using five species distribution models (SDMs). An extended version of the MARine Ecosystem DATa (MAREDAT) of zooplankton abundance observations was used to estimate the biomass of both plankton groups. We found hotspots of mean annual pteropod biomass in the high Northern latitudes and the global upwelling systems, and in the high latitudes of both hemispheres and the tropics for foraminifers. This largely agrees with previously observed distributions. For both groups, temperature is the strongest environmental correlate, followed by chlorophyll‐a. We found mean annual standing stocks of 52 Tg TC (48 to 57 Tg TC) and 0.9 Tg TC (0.6 to 1.1 Tg TC) for pteropods and foraminifers, respectively. This translates to mean annual TIC fluxes of 14 Tg TIC yr−1 (9 to 22 Tg TIC yr−1) for pteropod shells and 11 Tg TIC yr−1 (3 to 27 Tg TIC yr−1) for foraminifer tests. These results are similar to previous estimates for foraminifers, but approximately a factor of ten lower for pteropods. Pteropods contribute 0.2%–3.2% and foraminifers 0.1%–3.8% to global surface carbonate fluxes. Including global coccolithophore fluxes, this leaves 40%–60% of the global carbonate fluxes unaccounted for. Our figures are likely lower‐bound estimates due to sampling data characteristics and uncertainty associated with organism growth rates.

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“…This introduces high variance in the observed abundances (figure S5) and a mismatch between the gridded monthly climatologies used as environmental predictors and the mesoscale-affected biomass patterns (Righetti et al, 2019;Benedetti et al, 2021). However, previous studies found no significant benefit of using highly temporally resolved data over climatologies (Pinkerton et al, 2020), as the environmental conditions an organism experiences are based on their Langrangian movement over time (Hofmann Elizondo & Vogt, 2022). Finally, the use of coarse mesh sizes for sampling relatively small zooplankton can underestimate the true abundances as small and/or mobile individuals are missed (Tseng et al, 2011;Wells, 1973;Miloslavić et al, 2014;Mack et al, 2012;Skjoldal et al, 2013;Fabry, 1989;Zamelczyk et al, 2021).…”

Section: Limitations and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This TC-TIC conversion factor is based on data for L. helicina antarctica and hence probably not representative for all pteropod species and life stages (Hofmann Elizondo & Vogt, 2022). To account for the lack of species-specific TC-TIC conversion factors in literature, we added an uncertainty range of ±20% to the conversion factor, based on the range of TIC values reported in .…”

Section: Biomass Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of zooplankton calcifiers on the marine carbon cycle

Knecht

Benedetti

Hofmann

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Shelled pteropods and planktic foraminifers are calcifying zooplankton that contribute to the biological carbon pump, but their importance for regional and global plankton biomass and carbon fluxes is not well understood. Here, we modelled global annual patterns of pteropod and foraminifer total carbon (TC) biomass and total inorganic carbon (TIC) export fluxes over the top 200m using an ensemble of five species distribution models (SDMs). An exhaustive newly assembled dataset of zooplankton abundance observations was used to estimate the biomass of both plankton groups. With the SDM ensemble we modeled global TC biomass depending on multiple environmental parameters. We found hotspots of mean annual pteropod biomass in the high Northern latitudes and the global upwelling systems, and in the high latitudes of both hemispheres and the tropics for foraminifers. This largely agrees with previously observed distributions. For the biomass of both groups, surface temperature is the strongest environmental correlate, followed by chlorophyll-a. We found mean annual standing stocks of 52 (48-57) Tg TC and 0.9 (0.6-1.1) Tg TC for pteropods and foraminifers, respectively. This translates to mean annual TIC fluxes of 14 (9-22) Tg TIC yr-1 for pteropod shells and 11 (3-27) Tg TIC yr-1 for foraminifer tests. These results are similar to previous estimates for foraminifers standing stocks and fluxes but approximately a factor of ten lower for pteropods. The two zooplankton calcifiers contribute approximately 1.5% each to global surface carbonate fluxes, leaving 40%-60% of the global carbonate fluxes unaccounted for. We make suggestions how to close this gap.

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Individual-based modeling of shelled pteropods

Cited by 8 publications

References 107 publications

Tracking the Space‐Time Evolution of Ocean Acidification Extremes in the California Current System and Northeast Pacific

Tracking the Space‐Time Evolution of Ocean Acidification Extremes in the California Current System and Northeast Pacific

The Impact of Zooplankton Calcifiers on the Marine Carbon Cycle

The impact of zooplankton calcifiers on the marine carbon cycle

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