Individual Behavior: In-role and Extra-role

Abstract

Behavior, as a variable, has caused widespread concerns in various disciplines. Based on different perspectives, different disciplines define it differently. Based on the different interpretations of behavior in various disciplines, this research defines the individual behavior of the employee as “a series of dynamic reactions of the employee, as a member of the organization, to the internal and the external environmental stimulates”. On the basis of previous studies, this research tries to abstract and integrate the individual behavior of the employee and concludes that the behavior of the employee, as the member of the organization, can be divided into two types, i.e. the in-role behavior and the extra-role behavior

Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Perceived Service Quality in Hotel Industry

“…Behavioral pattern of employees in the organization can be identified in two ways as "extra-role" service behavior (organizational citizenship behavior) and "role-prescribed" service behavior (Bettencourt and Brown, 1997;Vandaele and Gemmel, 2006;Tang and Tang, 2012;Christensen and Whiting 2018). Extra role behavior refers to the discretionary behavior of customer contact employees in serving customers that extend beyond formal duties appearing in the job descriptions Zhu, 2013). It is extremely important to give extra attention to the customers.…”

Influence of Inspirational Motivation on Employee Job Performance in the Insurance Industry in Kenya

“…Employee job performance can be described as a system of behaviors that can be related to the goals of an organization for which every employee has been tasked to accomplish (Ferris, Lian, Brown, Pang & Keeping, 2014). According to Zhu (2013) job behavior of the employee can be in-role or extra-role behavior. Bass (1985) terms extra-role behaviors as performance "beyond expectations".…”

The impact of leadership on employees' intended information security behaviour: An examination of the full‐range leadership theory

“…In‐role behaviour is represented by the construct of employees' information security compliance intention within the proposed research model. Following Zhu (), we define in‐role behaviours as “all the behaviors that were necessary for the completion of the responsible work,” which means, in the context of this study, employees' intention to comply with the information security regulations of the organization. Compliance intention is generally defined as “behavior that protects the information and technology resources of the organization from potential security breaches” (Guo, ) and has been frequently used in previous studies (cf.…”

“…It is insufficient for organizations to focus solely on employees' in‐role behaviour to sustainably promoting employees' information security compliant behaviour. As Zhu () stated, organizations that rely mainly on in‐role behaviour are prone to developing an insubstantial social system. We used the construct of employees' security participation intention , which refers to extra‐role behaviour or organizational citizenship behaviour (Clarke & Ward, ; Rafferty & Griffin, ).…”

“…This behaviour includes, for example, helping co‐workers with information security issues, attending security training, and developing ideas on how to enhance information security in daily work and is not specified in employees' formal job requirements. Extra‐role behaviour is not directly recognized by an organization's formal reward system (Organ, ) but can enhance organizational effectiveness and operational efficiency (Zhu, ).…”