Individual cells in the nucleus basalis-diagonal band complex have restricted axonal projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat

Price, Joseph L.; Stern, Richard

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90145-2

Cited by 196 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…We associate this nonspecific inhibition with spatial attention directed toward the receptive field containing both the target and the distractor; we assume that it affects nearby, but not distant, receptive fields. Such nonspecific inhibition could be activated via the thalamus (27), via inhibitory systems associated with direct prefrontal pathways (28), or by localized modulation arising from basal forebrain cholinergic projections (29). Our assumptions are consistent with data suggesting that the spatial extent of focal attention in V4 can be as small as a receptive field (30); data from MT suggest that attention can even select subregions of the receptive field (31).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Gamma oscillations mediate stimulus competition and attentional selection in a cortical network model

Börgers

Epstein

Kopell

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

159

158

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Simultaneous presentation of multiple stimuli can reduce the firing rates of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex below the rate elicited by a single preferred stimulus. We describe computational results suggesting how this remarkable effect may arise from strong excitatory drive to a substantial local population of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, which can lead to a loss of coherence in that population and thereby raise the effectiveness of inhibition. We propose that in attentional states fast-spiking interneurons may be subject to a bath of inhibition resulting from cholinergic activation of a second class of inhibitory interneurons, restoring conditions needed for gamma rhythmicity. Oscillations and coherence are emergent features, not assumptions, in our model. The gamma oscillations in turn support stimulus competition. The mechanism is a form of ''oscillatory selection,'' in which neural interactions change phase relationships that regulate firing rates, and attention shapes those neural interactions.cholinergic modulation ͉ selective attention ͉ gamma rhythm C ortical gamma frequency (30-90 Hz) oscillations are known to be associated with many aspects of cognition, including sensory processing, attention, memory, and awareness (1). However, the biophysical underpinnings of gamma oscillations and the means by which they contribute to cognitive processing are still not fully understood. Here we continue a series of computational studies investigating how the biophysics of the gamma rhythm, and in particular its neuromodulation, affect network processing associated with attention (2-4).We focus on the much-cited experiments of Desimone and colleagues (5-7). These showed that orientation-selective principal neurons in macaque V2 and V4 respond to simultaneous presentation of preferred (''good'') and nonpreferred (''poor'') stimuli in their receptive fields at spike rates well below those elicited by the preferred stimulus alone. Furthermore, when attention is directed to either of the two stimuli, the neuron responds almost as if the unattended stimulus were absent.The essence of the mechanism we propose here is a relationship between the effectiveness of the excitatory inputs to the target network and the coherence of the network's inhibitory cells: The same drive that produces a robust response when the inhibition is coherent produces a much less robust response when the inhibition is incoherent. We describe how this mechanism can, qualitatively at least, explain the results in (5-7).Selective attention is associated with an increase in coherence of spiking and in spectral power of oscillations in the gamma frequency band (8-10). The model we offer here does not assume a priori that bottom-up or top-down input is made more coherent or more oscillatory as a result of attention (11,12). Rather, the increased gamma power and coherence of the network output are consequences of the biophysical effects of cholinergic modulation. A critical feature of the model is that the target entity of competing stream...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Gamma oscillations mediate stimulus competition and attentional selection in a cortical network model

Börgers

Epstein

Kopell

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

159

158

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“…This glutamatergic innervation has both extrinsic and intrinsic origins (Csaki et al, 2000Fremeau et al, 2001;Manns et al, 2001;Kiss et al, 2002;Lin et al, 2003;Hajszan et al, 2004). Because the projections of individual septohippocampal neurons are topographically organized with relatively small terminal fields (Ͻ1-1.5 mm in diameter) (Price and Stern, 1983), lateral interconnectivity within the MS-DBB mediated by glutamate could provide a mechanism for rapid radiation of excitation within the hippocampus. Furthermore, glutamatergic crosstransmission within the BF may be subject to negative-feedback regulation by coreleased ACh (see below), because glutamergic EPSCs recorded from BF neurons are subject to the same (M 2 -mediated) muscarinic inhibition as that observed at our autapses (Sim and Griffith, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Release of Glutamate and Acetylcholine from Single Magnocellular “Cholinergic” Basal Forebrain Neurons

2006

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Basal forebrain (BF) neurons provide the principal cholinergic drive to the hippocampus and cortex. Their degeneration is associated with the cognitive defects of Alzheimer's disease. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that some of these neurons contain glutamate, so might also release it. To test this, we made microisland cultures of single BF neurons from 12-to 14-d-old rats. Over 1-8 weeks in culture, neuronal processes made autaptic connections onto the neuron. In 34 of 36 cells tested, a somatically generated action potential was followed by a short-latency EPSC that was blocked by 1 mM kynurenic acid, showing that they released glutamate. To test whether the same neuron also released acetylcholine, we placed a voltage-clamped rat myoball expressing nicotinic receptors in contact with a neurite. In six of six neurons tested, the glutamatergic EPSC was accompanied by a nicotinic (hexamethonium-sensitive) myoball current. Stimulation of the M 2 -muscarinic presynaptic receptors (characterized using tripitramine and pirenzepine) produced a parallel inhibition of autaptic glutamatergic and myoball nicotinic responses; metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation produced similar but less consistent and weaker effects. Atropine enhanced the glutamatergic EPSCs during repetitive stimulation by 25 Ϯ 6%; the anti-cholinesterase neostigmine reduced the train EPSCs by 37 Ϯ 6%. Hence, synaptically released acetylcholine exerted a negative-feedback inhibition of coreleased glutamate. We conclude that most cholinergic basal forebrain neurons are capable of releasing glutamate as a cotransmitter and that the release of both transmitters is subject to simultaneous feedback inhibition by synaptically released acetylcholine. This has implications for BF neuron function and for the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease.

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“…Double label retrograde studies have indicated that basal forebrain cholinergic axon arbors in the cortex are approximately 1^1.5 mm wide in the rat (Price and Stern, 1983). In the cat, however, many single basal forebrain cholinergic neurons have axon arbors that cover the entire cerebral cortex.…”

Section: Possible Functional Consequences Of Ngf Signaling In Basal Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) into kitten visual cortex increases immunoreactivity for NGF, NGF receptors, and choline acetyltransferase in basal forebrain without affecting ocular dominance plasticity or column development

Silver¹,

Fagiolini²,

Gillespie³

et al. 2001

Neuroscience

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AbstractöIntracerebroventricular or intracortical administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to block or attenuate visual cortical plasticity in the rat. In cats and ferrets, the e¡ects of exogenous NGF on development and plasticity of visual cortex have been reported to be small or nonexistent. To determine whether locally delivered NGF a¡ects ocular dominance column formation or the plasticity produced by monocular deprivation in cats at the height of the critical period, we infused recombinant human NGF into the primary visual cortex of kittens using an implanted cannula minipump. NGF had no e¡ect on the normal developmental segregation of geniculocortical a¡erents into ocular dominance columns as determined both physiologically and anatomically. The plasticity of binocular visual cortical responses induced by monocular deprivation was also normal in regions of immunohistochemically detectable NGF infusion, as measured using intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-unit electrophysiology. Immunohistochemical analysis of the basal forebrain regions of the same animals demonstrated that the NGF infused into cortex was biologically active, producing an increase in the number of NGF-, TrkA-, p75 NTR -, and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in basal forebrain nuclei in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the NGF minipump compared to the contralateral basal forebrain neurons.We conclude that NGF delivered locally to axon terminals of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons resulted in increases in protein expression at the cell body through retrograde signaling. ß 2001 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Key words: TrkA, p75, choline acetyltransferase, retrograde transport, acetylcholine, monocular deprivation.Monocular deprivation (MD) is a well-studied model of experience-dependent cortical plasticity. When one eye of an animal is occluded during a critical period of development, that eye loses most of its ability to drive neurons in primary visual cortex, shifting the distribution of visual responses to favor the nondeprived eye (Wiesel and Hubel, 1963). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) to rats during a critical period of development blocks the e¡ects of MD (Domenici et al., 1991;Ma¡ei et al., 1992). This has been demonstrated at several levels of analysis, including physiological, anatomical, immunocytochemical, and behavioral (for a review, see Cellerino and Ma¡ei, 1996). Infusion of NGF directly into developing rat visual cortex also prevents physiological ocular dominance plasticity (Lodovichi et al., 2000).In addition, anti-NGF antibodies prevent normal anatomical and physiological development of the visual system when they are administered to rats by implantation of antibody-secreting hybridoma cells in the lateral ventricle (Berardi et al., 1994). These antibodies also prolong the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the rat (Domenici et al., 1994a). Together, these results demonstrate an imp...

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Individual cells in the nucleus basalis-diagonal band complex have restricted axonal projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat

Cited by 196 publications

References 24 publications

Gamma oscillations mediate stimulus competition and attentional selection in a cortical network model

Gamma oscillations mediate stimulus competition and attentional selection in a cortical network model

Simultaneous Release of Glutamate and Acetylcholine from Single Magnocellular “Cholinergic” Basal Forebrain Neurons

Infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) into kitten visual cortex increases immunoreactivity for NGF, NGF receptors, and choline acetyltransferase in basal forebrain without affecting ocular dominance plasticity or column development

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