Individual costs and societal benefits of interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Traulsen, Arne; Levin, Simon A.; Saad-Roy, Chadi M.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2303546120

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…As cooperation involves a cost, reaching the minimal number of cooperators required for cooperative efforts to become consequential is not an easy task. This is the challenge, for instance, when countries are called to cooperate by reducing CO 2 emissions (Milinski et al 2008;Santos & Pacheco 2011) or when individuals are asked to cooperate by wearing masks to prevent a virus from spreading (Traulsen, Levin, & Saad-Roy 2023). In these domains, underestimating the cooperative efforts of individuals around us might impact our own willingness to cooperate-in fact, humans often reveal to be conditional cooperators (Fischbacher, Gächter, & Fehr 2001).…”

Section: Prosociality In Recommender Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the roots of cooperation, and the institutions, social norms, and artifacts that might sustain it, is fundamental in various domains-from climate change (Bisaro & Hinkel 2016) and responsible use of natural resources (Dietz, Ostrom, & Stern 2003) to pandemic control (Traulsen, Levin, & Saad-Roy 2023). In interna-tional relations, cooperation is still fundamental to prevent arms races, nuclear proliferation, and military escalation, as noted already in the 80s (Axelrod 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prosocial dynamics in multiagent systems

Santos

2024

AI Magazine

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Meeting today's major scientific and societal challenges requires understanding dynamics of prosociality in complex adaptive systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) is intimately connected with these challenges, both as an application domain and as a source of new computational techniques: On the one hand, AI suggests new algorithmic recommendations and interaction paradigms, offering novel possibilities to engineer cooperation and alleviate conflict in multiagent (hybrid) systems; on the other hand, new learning algorithms provide improved techniques to simulate sophisticated agents and increasingly realistic environments. In various settings, prosocial actions are socially desirable yet individually costly, thereby introducing a social dilemma of cooperation. How can AI enable cooperation in such domains? How to understand long‐term dynamics in adaptive populations subject to such cooperation dilemmas? How to design cooperation incentives in multiagent learning systems? These are questions that I have been exploring and that I discussed during the New Faculty Highlights program at AAAI 2023. This paper summarizes and extends that talk.

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Section: Prosociality In Recommender Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prosocial dynamics in multiagent systems

Santos

2024

AI Magazine

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“…In this study, we aim to analyze the impact of heterogeneity in risk tolerance and the resulting behavioral response on the dynamics of epidemics. We seek to add to a burgeoning literature on the impact of human behavior in epidemic response [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], which the recent pandemic highlighted as an area for further exploration in preparation for the next large scale global health crisis [32][33][34]. To study the impact of heterogeneity in risk tolerance on epidemic dynamics, we introduce a simple and flexible modeling framework based on ordinary differential equations that can be used for different interventions and an arbitrary partitioning of the population with regard to risk tolerance and behavioral responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complex interplay between risk tolerance and the spread of infectious diseases

Nguyen,

Freedman,

Cheung

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Risk-driven behavior provides a feedback mechanism through which individuals both shape and are collectively affected by an epidemic. We introduce a general and flexible compartmental model to study the effect of heterogeneity in the population with regards to risk tolerance. The interplay between behavior and epidemiology leads to a rich set of possible epidemic dynamics. Depending on the behavioral composition of the population, we find that increasing heterogeneity in risk tolerance can either increase or decrease the epidemic size. We find that multiple waves of infection can arise due to the interplay between transmission and behavior, even without the replenishment of susceptibles. We find that increasing protective mechanisms such as the effectiveness of interventions, the number of risk-averse people in the population, and the duration of intervention usage reduces the epidemic overshoot. When the protection is pushed past a critical threshold, the epidemic dynamics enter an underdamped regime where the epidemic size exactly equals the herd immunity threshold. Lastly, we can find regimes where epidemic size does not monotonically decrease with a population that becomes increasingly risk-averse.

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Cooperative Dilemmas with Binary Actions and Multiple Players

Peña,

Nöldeke

2023

Dyn Games Appl

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The prisoner’s dilemma, the snowdrift game, and the stag hunt are two-player symmetric games that are often considered as prototypical examples of cooperative dilemmas across disciplines. However, surprisingly little consensus exists about the precise mathematical meaning of the words “cooperation” and “cooperative dilemma” for these and other binary-action symmetric games, in particular when considering interactions among more than two players. Here, we propose definitions of these terms and explore their evolutionary consequences on the equilibrium structure of cooperative dilemmas in relation to social optimality. We show that our definition of cooperative dilemma encompasses a large class of collective action games often discussed in the literature, including congestion games, games with participation synergies, and public goods games. One of our main results is that regardless of the number of players, all cooperative dilemmas—including multi-player generalizations of the prisoner’s dilemma, the snowdrift game, and the stag hunt—feature inefficient equilibria where cooperation is underprovided, but cannot have equilibria in which cooperation is overprovided. We also find simple conditions for full cooperation to be socially optimal in a cooperative dilemma. Our framework and results unify, simplify, and extend previous work on the structure and properties of cooperative dilemmas with binary actions and two or more players.

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Individual costs and societal benefits of interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 18 publications

References 44 publications

Prosocial dynamics in multiagent systems

Prosocial dynamics in multiagent systems

The complex interplay between risk tolerance and the spread of infectious diseases

Cooperative Dilemmas with Binary Actions and Multiple Players

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