Individual differences in depression are reflected in negative self-evaluations when imagining future events

Williams, Kayla; Snytte, Jamie

doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2022.02.002

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Concerns about the Self-Referent Encoding Task One important question regarding the SRET and the selfreference effect is its context within cognitive theory. Much as Klein (2012) argues for a "family" of self-reference effects, it is important to note that many variants on the selfreferent encoding task exist, from those measuring selfreference through different questions (e.g., Miskowiak et al, 2018) to those that appear to be an SRET but are focused on other questions than mental health (Williams et al, 2022). (Additionally, a subset of studies which I discuss here refer to a self-referent information processing battery Alloy et al, 1997Alloy et al, , 1999 I argue that the SRET provides a useful measure of both self-schema and memory bias in depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Research on Self-Reference, Depression, and the Self-Referent Encoding Task: A Critical Review

Dainer-Best

2023

Preprint

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Understanding how people refer to themselves allows for a deeper understanding of mood and the actions individuals take. The self-referent encoding task (SRET) has been used in clinical psychological science to measure differences in self-referent thought and memory bias relating to depression, self-esteem, and self-memory. This review critically explores the history and function of the SRET, especially as connected to depressive symptoms, and covers possible future topics of research. Four major areas of SRET research are identified: (1) memory and memory bias, (2) neuroimaging and electroencephalographic recording, (3) longitudinal or developmental paradigms, and (4) personality and self-esteem. I address criticisms of the SRET, including replicability and psychometric validity. Future directions for research using the SRET may aim to identify ideal paradigms, use the SRET as a marker of change in depression, and fully disentangle its possible outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Research on Self-Reference, Depression, and the Self-Referent Encoding Task: A Critical Review

Dainer-Best

2023

Preprint

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“…Identifying target schemas for individual patients requires an accurate a priori collaborative case conceptualization (Kuyken, Padesky, & Dudley, 2009). In patients with emotional disorders, the maladaptive schema and supporting personal experiences that patients can recall from their lives tend to be frequently simulated and mentally replayed, whereas retrieval of the adaptive schema and associated experiences is rarer and less familiar (Padesky, 1994; for a recent example, see Williams et al, 2022). For example, to access maladaptive self-schemas, clinicians can guide patients to use the downward-arrow technique (e.g., “If this [surface level anxious thought] is true, what does that mean about you?”; see Reimer & Moscovitch, 2015).…”

Section: Applying the Neural Principles Of Schema Change To Optimize ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive Model of Schema-Congruent and -Incongruent Learning in Clinical Disorders: Application to Social Anxiety and Beyond

Moscovitch

2023

Perspect Psychol Sci

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Negative schemas lie at the core of many common and debilitating mental disorders. Thus, intervention scientists and clinicians have long recognized the importance of designing effective interventions that target schema change. Here, we suggest that the optimal development and administration of such interventions can benefit from a framework outlining how schema change occurs in the brain. Guided by basic neuroscientific findings, we provide a memory-based neurocognitive framework for conceptualizing how schemas emerge and change over time and how they can be modified during psychological treatment of clinical disorders. We highlight the critical roles of the hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and posterior neocortex in directing schema-congruent and -incongruent learning (SCIL) in the interactive neural network that comprises the autobiographical memory system. We then use this framework, which we call the SCIL model, to derive new insights about the optimal design features of clinical interventions that aim to strengthen or weaken schema-based knowledge through the core processes of episodic mental simulation and prediction error. Finally, we examine clinical applications of the SCIL model to schema-change interventions in psychotherapy and provide cognitive-behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder as an illustrative example.

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“…Compared to the extensive literature on autobiographical memory and depression, little is known about how depression impacts people's ability to envision experiences that may occur in their future (Williams et al, 2022). Of the handful of research that has, episodic future thinking has been analysed in terms of reduced specificity, event valence, and subjective ratings of detail/vividness, as opposed to the quantities of episodic and semantic detail (Gamble et al, 2019;Hallford et al, 2019;Hallford et al, 2020;Williams et al, 2022). Hallford et al (2018) conducted the first meta-analysis to review the current research that has investigated whether episodic future thinking is implicated in depression within clinical groups compared to non-clinical control groups.…”

Section: Episodic Future Thinking and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Relationships Amongst a Negative-Individual Self-Concept, Episodic Detail in Past and Future Turning Point Narratives and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms

Stoddard

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<p><strong>An emerging finding is that recalling turning point narratives in greater episodic detail predicts community adolescents’ depressive symptoms cross-sectionally and across time (Salmon et al., 2021). The authors proposed that this elaborative way of recalling self- defining memories may reflect an excessive self-focus. The current study extended this finding in two ways. First, to elucidate this finding, the relationship between a more negative- individual self-concept and greater episodic detail in past turning point narratives was investigated. Second, to see if the same pattern of findings emerge, greater episodic detail in future turning point narratives was investigated. Using a previously-gathered longitudinal dataset, a community sample of adolescents from Aotearoa New Zealand (N = 320, M = 16.9 years) provided written narratives about a future turning point event which the author coded by episodic and semantic detail. Adolescents’ Twenty Statements Test responses were coded using two schemes developed by the author to identify those who disproportionately described themselves using traits that were both negative and individual. That is, a more negative-individual self-concept, which significantly predicted greater episodic detail in past turning point narratives longitudinally and adolescents’ depressive symptoms cross- sectionally (over and above greater episodic detail). Greater episodic detail in future turning point narratives was not significantly correlated with a more negative-individual self-concept and did not predict adolescents’ depressive symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally; suggesting that these relationships are exclusive to the past. These novel findings suggest that a more negative-individual self-concept drives the recall (but not the imagination) of episodic detail in turning point narratives, which sheds light on the finding that greater episodic detail in past (but not future) turning point narratives predicts community adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Finally, the findings suggest that a more negative-individual self-concept, in itself, is the strongest predictor of adolescents’ depressive symptoms.</strong></p>

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Individual differences in depression are reflected in negative self-evaluations when imagining future events

Cited by 5 publications

References 69 publications

Trends in Research on Self-Reference, Depression, and the Self-Referent Encoding Task: A Critical Review

Trends in Research on Self-Reference, Depression, and the Self-Referent Encoding Task: A Critical Review

Neurocognitive Model of Schema-Congruent and -Incongruent Learning in Clinical Disorders: Application to Social Anxiety and Beyond

The Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Relationships Amongst a Negative-Individual Self-Concept, Episodic Detail in Past and Future Turning Point Narratives and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms

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