Individual Differences in Ease of Perception of Embedded Figures*

Witkin, Herman A.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1950.tb01084.x

Cited by 528 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…As Witkin (1949Witkin ( , 1950 has shown, women are also more affect ed by visual cues and by the visual structure of the field in which a figure is embedded. Argyle et al (1970) also report that females are more affected by nonverbal cues in a projective encounter task.…”

Section: Differential Effects Of Distance On Male and Female Visual Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Aiello

1977

J Nonverbal Behav

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This paper presents a study that examined the relationship between visual interaction and interpersonal distance as it relates to an equilibrium theory of social interaction. Differential boundaries were found to exist for the effect of distance on five highly related male and female visual behaviors, exemplifying different overall equilibrium levels for the sexes. While males looked more as dis tance increased, females looked less after an intermediate distance of 6.5 feet. These data support a modified equilibrium model that posits that eye contact functions to regulate the comfort of an interaction and is also a response to the degree of interaction comfort; further, comfortable interaction distances promote eye contact and, more importantly, uncomfortable distances diminish it. Because women tend to be more oriented toward inclusive relationships, they are more comfortable at closer interaction distances and, hence, look more at these dis tances. At greater distance, however, they are more uncomfortable and, conse quently, look less.The role of visual behavior during social interaction has interest ed man from his earliest days, but only in the past decade have social scientists focused empirical attention on this mode of behavior (for a

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Section: Differential Effects Of Distance On Male and Female Visual Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Aiello

1977

J Nonverbal Behav

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show abstract

“…In the original descriptions of a commonality in the processing of the VPV discrimination and EFT performance (Witkin, 1950;Witkin et al, 1954), three separate experiments were reported. The male/female difference in those experiments-significant VPV/EFT correlations for males and low, nonsignificant correlations for females-has often been commented on, although it has not always been replicated (see note 6).…”

Section: Further Considerations Regarding Field Dependence/independencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EFT originally employed by Witkin (1950) contained some of the original Gottschaldt figures and some that were developed by Witkin (1950); the test itself consisted of measurements of the time to discovery of the simple figure within the complex one for a set of figures, and Witkin et al (1954) correlated performance on the EFT with performance on the RFT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large individual differences in the RFT provided the opportunity for correlational studies, and the hypothesis that these individual differences might be indicative of a more general aspect of cognition led Witkin (1950) to develop the EFT by employing the approach taken by Gottschaldt to demonstrate gestalt laws of perceptual organization by "hiding" a simple test figure within a more complex figure (Gottschaldt, 1926). The EFT originally employed by Witkin (1950) contained some of the original Gottschaldt figures and some that were developed by Witkin (1950); the test itself consisted of measurements of the time to discovery of the simple figure within the complex one for a set of figures, and Witkin et al (1954) correlated performance on the EFT with performance on the RFT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EFT is the well-known test that employs adaptations of the original Gottschaldt figures (Gottschaldt, 1926), in which a target figure shown to a subject is to be discovered in a more complex figure that has its own shape and tends to mask the presence of the target. The adaptation employed in the EFT (originated in Witkin, 1950) involves coloring various regions of the complex figures in an attempt to further obscure the location of the simple figure within it. The EFT utilizes this technique of obscuring the location of the simple figure in all but one of the test items (shown in Figure 2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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