Individual differences in forced-choice recognition memory: Partitioning contributions of recollection and familiarity

Migo, Ellen M.; Quamme, Joel R.; Holmes, Selina J.; Bendell, Andrew; Norman, Kenneth A.; Mayes, Andrew R.; Montaldi, Daniela

doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.910240

Cited by 15 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…In both age groups, performance was best on the A-X format, followed by the A-A’ format, followed by the A-B’ format. These findings support previous studies that have reported better performance on the A-A’ test format than the A-B’ test format (Tulving, 1981; Hintzman, 1988; Jeneson et al, 2010; Migo et al, 2014) while also raising the question of why performance is worse on the the A-B’ test format than the A-A’ test format. One possibility is that the presence of the A-X test format was affecting performance on the A-B’ test format.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…We reanalyzed published data from our lab (Experiment 4 in Stark et al, 2015) to examine whether there were differences in performance between the forced-choice test format and the old/new test format with confidence ratings. Specifically, if the forced-choice test format allowed participants to rely on familiarity to a greater extent than the old/new test format (Holdstock et al, 2002; Norman & O’Reilly, 2003; Migo et al, 2009, 2014), then we should observe significantly better performance on the forced choice test format than A z from the old/new test format. Conversely, if the two test formats rely on similar cognitive processes, then we should not observe a difference between the two test formats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Similarly, in a group of healthy older adults, Migo et al (2014) revealed a relationship between age and proportion correct on the A-A’ test format but not between age and proportion correct on the A-B’ test format. The converging findings across these studies (including Experiment 1) support the notion that the old/similar/new test format and A-A’ test formats are similarly affected by aging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Other reports have shown enhanced performance on the A-A’ test format compared to the A-B’ test format in young adults (Hintzman, 1988; but see: Migo et al, 2009), healthy middle-aged/older adults (mean age: 61.2 years; Jeneson et al, 2010), healthy older adults (mean age 71; Migo et al, 2014), and in patients with selective hippocampal damage (Jeneson et al, 2010). Moreover, performance on the A-A’ test format has been shown to be better than performance on the A-B’ test format across a variety of encoding and stimulus conditions: single presentations of images of objects (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2) and of scenes (Tulving, 1981), multiple encoding trials of images of objects (color images: Jeneson et al, 2010; black and white silhouettes: Jeneson et al, 2010; Migo et al, 2014; but see: Migo et al, 2009), and judgments of the number of times that words were presented during the encoding phase (Hintzman, 1988). As in previous reports, we found that two global matching models, MINERVA 2 and TODAM, can account for the effect of test format (Hintzman, 1988, 2001; cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Age-related impairment on a forced-choice version of the Mnemonic Similarity Task.

Huffman¹,

Stark²

2017

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Previous studies from our lab have indicated that healthy older adults are impaired in their ability to mnemonically discriminate between previously viewed objects and similar lure objects in the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). These studies have used either old/similar/new or old/new test formats. The forced-choice test format (e.g., “Did you see object A or object A’ during the encoding phase?”) relies on different assumptions than the old/new test format (e.g., “Did you see this object during the encoding phase?”); hence, converging evidence from these approaches would bolster the conclusion that healthy aging is accompanied by impaired performance on the MST. Consistent with our hypothesis, healthy older adults exhibited impaired performance on a forced-choice test format that required discriminating between a target and a similar lure. We also tested the hypothesis that age-related impairments on the MST could be modeled within a global matching computational framework. We found that decreasing the probability of successful feature encoding in the models caused changes that were similar to the empirical data in healthy older adults. Collectively, our behavioral results extend to the forced-choice test format the finding that healthy aging is accompanied by an impaired ability to discriminate between targets and similar lures, and our modeling results suggest that a diminished probability of encoding stimulus features is a candidate mechanism for memory changes in healthy aging. We also discuss the ability of global matching models to account for findings in other studies that have used variants on mnemonic similarity tasks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Age-related impairment on a forced-choice version of the Mnemonic Similarity Task.

Huffman¹,

Stark²

2017

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…was impaired for the ONR task, however her forced-choice task performance was not significantly different from normal controls (even when tested using similar lures, similar to the state comparison from Brady et al (2008)). Additionally, it has been shown that the contributions of familiarity and recollection memory sources can differ depending on the type of items that are presented in forced-choice memory tests (Migo et al 2014). These results suggest that regions outside the hippocampus are capable of supporting high performance on forced-choice tasks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive memory revisited: Limitations on storage capacity for object details in visual long-term memory

2015

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Previous work suggests that visual long-term memory (VLTM) is highly detailed and has a massive capacity. However, memory performance is subject to the effects of the type of testing procedure used. The current study examines detail memory performance by probing the same memories within the same subjects, but using divergent probing methods. The results reveal that while VLTM representations are typically sufficient to support performance when the procedure probes gist-based information, they are not sufficient in circumstances when the procedure requires more detail. We show that VLTM capacity, albeit large, is heavily reliant on gist as well as detail. Thus, the nature of the mnemonic representations stored in VLTM is important in understanding its capacity limitations.Humans are surprisingly good at remembering thousands of items, which have been presented only once and for a limited time, in visual long-term memory (Shepard 1967;Standing et al. 1970;Standing 1973;Vogt and Magnussen 2007;Brady et al. 2008; Konkle et al. 2010a,b). Many of these findings have been taken as evidence that not only is visual long-term memory (VLTM) capable of supporting thousands of images, but that memory for these items is "highly detailed." Additionally, it has been suggested that when observers make gist-based false recognition errors (e.g., you mistake your friend's cell phone for yours), it may be related to insufficient recruitment of stored details during retrieval (Guerin et al. 2012). Altogether, results across many studies have supported the notion that long-term memory representations are highly detailed.However, most of these studies utilized alternative forcedchoice designs, e.g., two-alternative forced choice (2AFC), where detailed memory "may not be necessary" for successful retrieval. For example, it is not clear whether the respose to a 2AFC probe trial is based on familiarity and/or recollection. A wealth of research has suggested that these two components of recognition memory, familiarity (knowledge that an item has been previously seen) and recollection (detailed recall of the item along with its context i.e., where and when it was observed) (Yonelinas, 2001(Yonelinas, , 2002 may be supported by different neural mechanisms (Fortin et al. 2004;Ranganath et al. 2004;Diana et al. 2007;Vilberg and Rugg 2007). We suggest that since both of these processes likely contribute to retrieval judgments, the ability to harness one more than the other may affect performance on retrieval tasks. In a 2AFC design, it is likely that at least some subset of the decisions are guided by familiarity information alone, whereas old/ new recognition designs make it very difficult to utilize representations based solely on familiarity. Thus, a more complete understanding of the nature of the mnemonic representations underlying retrieval judgments requires probing with both types of testing procedures.To further illustrate the critical role that differential underlying mnemonic representations may play in retrieval judgments, consider ...

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Executive function and high ambiguity perceptual discrimination contribute to individual differences in mnemonic discrimination in older adults

et al. 2021

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Mnemonic discrimination deficits, or impaired ability to discriminate between similar events in memory, is a hallmark of cognitive aging, characterised by a stark age-related increase in false recognition. While individual differences in mnemonic discrimination have gained attention due to potential relevance for early detection of Alzheimer's disease, our understanding of the component processes that contribute to variability in task performance across older adults remains limited. The present investigation explores the roles of representational quality, indexed by perceptual discrimination of objects and scenes with overlapping features, and strategic retrieval ability, indexed by standardised tests of executive function, to mnemonic discrimination in a large cohort of older adults ( N =124). We took an individual differences approach and characterised the contributions of these factors to performance under Forced Choice (FC) and Yes/No (YN) recognition memory formats, which place different demands on strategic retrieval. Performance in both test formats declined with age. Accounting for age, individual differences in FC memory performance were best explained by perceptual discrimination score, whereas YN memory performance was best explained by executive functions. A linear mixed model and dominance analyses confirmed the relatively greater importance of perceptual discrimination over executive functioning for FC performance, while the opposite was true for YN. These findings highlight parallels between perceptual and mnemonic discrimination in aging, the importance of considering demands on executive functions in the context of mnemonic discrimination, and the relevance of test format for modulating the impact of these factors on performance in older adults.

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Individual differences in forced-choice recognition memory: Partitioning contributions of recollection and familiarity

Cited by 15 publications

References 64 publications

Age-related impairment on a forced-choice version of the Mnemonic Similarity Task.

Age-related impairment on a forced-choice version of the Mnemonic Similarity Task.

Massive memory revisited: Limitations on storage capacity for object details in visual long-term memory

Executive function and high ambiguity perceptual discrimination contribute to individual differences in mnemonic discrimination in older adults

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