Individual differences in the emotional modulation of gaze-cuing

McCrackin, Sarah D.; Itier, Roxane J.

doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1495618

Cited by 36 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…With high-anxious people, it is reported that they have difficulty suppressing processing of threat-related distractors [39]; and this difficulty would result in the large magnitude of the effect with fearful gaze as reported in previous studies [7–9, 18]. On the other hand, recent research suggested that the magnitude of GCE with fearful gaze did not vary as a function of self-reported trait anxiety [14, 15, 40]. In the present study, we conducted the experiment among an unselected sample of people; therefore, further research is needed to clarify whether participant’s anxiety traits and/or autistic traits [17] relate to the magnitude of the GCE in the saccade response mode with fearful gaze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Rapid saccadic response with fearful gaze cue

Matsunaka

Hiraki

2019

PLoS ONE

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It has been shown that an averted gaze with emotional expression guides our attention toward a gazed-at location, and the effect of a gaze with fearful expression has been well-investigated. However, the findings are not consistent, and most studies used the manual response measure. Recent studies suggest that examining eye movements is more suitable to capture the early stage of the effect of threat-related stimuli on attentional process. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of static neutral and fearful gaze on overt attention orienting by examining the saccadic responses in an unselected sample of people. Our results found the gaze congruency effects for both expressions, and importantly, enhanced attention orienting by fearful gaze at a short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA): participants looked faster at the fearful gaze-cued target than the neutral gaze-cued one at the 300 ms SOA. These findings provide the first evidence that fearful averted gaze elicits rapid overt attention orienting toward the target, and suggest that the information of gaze direction and emotional expression are rapidly integrated and modulate the oculomotor system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Rapid saccadic response with fearful gaze cue

Matsunaka

Hiraki

2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Work on gaze cueing has provided support for this assumption. For example, Wiese, Wykowska, Zwickel, and Muller [ 48 ] found that when observers believed an agent has intention, larger attention shifts occurred compared to when observers did not have this belief (see also, [ 49 , 50 ]). It is also the case, however, that a face exhibiting fear does not reliably induce greater cueing effects relative to a neutral face [ 16 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Representation Rather Than Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective-Taking: In Search of a Theory

Cole

Millett

Samuel

et al. 2020

Vision

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Perspective-taking has been one of the central concerns of work on social attention and developmental psychology for the past 60 years. Despite its prominence, there is no formal description of what it means to represent another’s viewpoint. The present article argues that such a description is now required in the form of theory—a theory that should address a number of issues that are central to the notion of assuming another’s viewpoint. After suggesting that the mental imagery debate provides a good framework for understanding some of the issues and problems surrounding perspective-taking, we set out nine points that we believe any theory of perspective-taking should consider.

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“…Joint attention is how we share experiences with others as infants, and is crucial for our social development (Baron-Cohen, 1995; Edwards et al., 2015; Brooks and Meltzoff, 2014; Moore et al., 2014). It is no surprise then that failure to integrate gaze and emotion cues has been reported in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Uono et al., 2009; De Jong et al., 2008) and is related to poor social functioning (Hayward and Ristic, 2017) and autistic like traits within the general population (McCrackin and Itier, 2018b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous eye-movements in neutral and emotional gaze-cuing: An eye-tracking investigation

McCrackin

Soomal

Patel

et al. 2019

Heliyon

Self Cite

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Our attention is spontaneously oriented in the direction where others are looking. This attention shift manifests as faster responses to peripheral targets when they are gazed at by a central face instead of gazed away from, and this effect is even more pronounced when the face expresses an emotion. This so called gaze-cuing effect, and its enhancement by emotion, is thought to reflect covert attention orienting. However, eye movements are typically not monitored in gaze-cuing paradigms, yet free viewing and saccadic reaction time research suggests individuals commonly and quickly look at gazed-at locations. Furthermore, in dynamic gaze-cuing studies, emotional faces differ from neutral faces in their affective content but also in their apparent facial motion, both of which could affect participants' eye-movements. We investigated the contribution of overt orienting to the gaze-cuing effect by monitoring eye-movements during emotional and neutral gaze-cuing trials. We found that eye-movements were infrequent, and when they occurred, they were directed toward the target, not toward the gazed-at location. Removing trials with eye-movements did not affect gaze-cuing much, confirming it reflects a covert attention process. However, participants were more likely to move their eyes during neutral trials, which lacked perceived face movement, than during emotion trials or neutral movement trials. Including these eye-movement contaminated trials in our analysis resulted in an impaired ability to detect the gaze-cuing variations with emotion. In contrast, removing trials with eye-movements, or including a neutral movement control such as a neutral tongue protrusion, revealed more subtle emotional modulation of gaze-cuing.

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Individual differences in the emotional modulation of gaze-cuing

Cited by 36 publications

References 73 publications

Rapid saccadic response with fearful gaze cue

Rapid saccadic response with fearful gaze cue

Perspective-Taking: In Search of a Theory

Spontaneous eye-movements in neutral and emotional gaze-cuing: An eye-tracking investigation

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