Individual differences in vulnerability to inescapable shock in rats.

Minor, Thomas R.; Dess, Nancy K.; Ben-David, Eli; Chang, Wei‐Chao

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.20.4.402

Cited by 51 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Additionally, the low anxiety trait in combination with the low exploration trait provided resilience against developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Importantly, behavioral responses in tests for anxiety (Stiller et al, 2011), exploration (Minor et al, 1994;Walker et al, 2008) and stress coping (Drugan et al, 1989) in rats had been previously shown to predict the development of certain stress-induced depressive-like and/or conditioned fear behaviors. In addition, individual differences in novelty reactivity -generally termed ''novelty-seeking'' trait -in rats were found to be associated with the emergence of anxiety-and depression-like behaviors following repeated exposure to social defeat (Duclot et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Castro

Diessler

Varea

et al. 2012

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Summary Emerging evidence indicates that certain behavioral traits, such as anxiety, are associated with the development of depression-like behaviors after exposure to chronic stress. However, single traits do not explain the wide variability in vulnerability to stress observed in outbred populations. We hypothesized that a combination of behavioral traits might provide a better characterization of an individual's vulnerability to prolonged stress. Here, we sought to determine whether the characterization of relevant behavioral traits in rats could aid in identifying individuals with different vulnerabilities to developing stress-induced depressionlike behavioral alterations. We also investigated whether behavioral traits would be related to the development of alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in brain activityas measured through phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) -in response to an acute stressor following either sub-chronic (2 weeks) or chronic (4 weeks) unpredictable stress (CUS). Sprague-Dawley rats were characterized using a battery of behavioral tasks, and three principal traits were identified: anxiety, exploration and activity. When combined, the first two traits were found to explain the variability in the stress responses. Our findings confirm the increased risk of animals with high anxiety developing certain depression-like behaviors (e.g., increased floating time in the forced swim test) when progressively exposed to stress. In contrast, the behavioral profile based on combined low anxiety and low exploration was resistant to alterations related to social behaviors, while the high anxiety and low exploration profile displayed a particularly vulnerable pattern of physiological and neurobiological responses after sub-chronic stress exposure. Our findings indicate important differences in

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Castro

Diessler

Varea

et al. 2012

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…At 1 day following the social interaction test, the rats were tested in the emergence test as described previously (McGregor et al, 2003a;Minor et al, 1994). The apparatus consisted of a black wooden rectangular arena (96 Â 100 Â 40 cm 3 ) with a black wooden hide box (24 Â 40 Â 15 cm 3 ) placed in the top right corner of the arena.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Fluoxetine Treatment Partly Attenuates the Long-Term Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Induced by MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in Rats

Thompson

Clemens

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Use of the drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') can have long-term adverse effects on emotion in both humans and laboratory animals. The present study examined whether chronic treatment with the antidepressant drug fluoxetine could reverse such effects. Male Wistar rats were briefly exposed to MDMA (4 Â 5 mg/kg over 4 h) or vehicle on 2 consecutive days. Approximately 9-12 weeks later, half of the rats received a dose of approximately 6 mg/kg/day fluoxetine in their drinking water for a 5-week period. Fluoxetine administration reduced fluid intake and body weight in MDMA and vehicle pretreated rats. After several weeks of fluoxetine treatment, rats were assessed on the social interaction test, the emergence test of anxiety and the forced swim model of depression. MDMA pretreated rats showed reduced social interaction, increased anxiety on the emergence test, and increased immobility and decreased active responses in the forced swim test. Fluoxetine treatment reversed MDMA-induced anxiety in the emergence test and depressive-like effects in the forced swim test, yet exhibited no effects on the social interaction test. MDMA pretreated rats had decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in limbic and cortical regions, and decreased density of serotonin transporter sites in the cortex. Fluoxetine treatment did not greatly affect 5-HT levels in MDMA pretreated rats, but significantly decreased 5-HIAA levels in all brain sites examined. Postmortem blood serum levels of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine did not differ in MDMA and vehicle pretreated rats. These results indicate that fluoxetine may provide a treatment option for some of the deleterious long-term effects resulting from MDMA exposure.

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“…For example, exposure to inescapable shock (IS) but not equal amounts and durations of escapable shock (ES) leads to later failure to learn to escape shocks in a different situation (Maier and Seligman, 1976). Other behavioral outcomes resulting from exposure to IS but not ES include an exaggeration of fear conditioning to a context (Maier et al, 1995), increases in neophobia (Minor et al, 1994), and reductions in social interaction (Short and Maier, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stressor Controllability Modulates Stress-Induced Dopamine and Serotonin Efflux and Morphine-Induced Serotonin Efflux in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Bland

Hargrave

Pepin

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

137

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It has previously been shown that inescapable (IS) but not escapable (ES) stress potentiates the rewarding properties of morphine as measured by conditioned place preference and psychomotor activation, and that this potentiation may be mediated by dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT) neurons. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in both reward and stress, and is a projection region of the DRN. The mPFC also contains dopaminergic afferents from the ventral tegmental area, which has been the focus of many studies exploring both the rewarding properties of drugs and the aversive properties of stress. The role of the mPFC in stress/ drug reactivity interactions is largely unknown. The present study usedin vivo microdialysis to examine 5-HT and dopamine (DA) efflux in the mPFC of rats during IS, ES or no stress (NS). IS and ES rats received the stressor in yoked pairs. The stressor consisted of tailshocks that could be terminated for both rats by the ES rats. Large increases in 5-HT and DA levels were observed during IS but not ES or NS. DA and 5-HT efflux were also measured 24 h later in the same rats in response to morphine (3 mg/kg) or saline. Sustained increases in 5-HT levels were observed after morphine in rats that had previously received IS but not in rats that had received ES or NS. No changes in DA efflux were observed after morphine. Thus, 5-HT and DA in the mPFC may be involved in stressor controllability effects, and the sensitization of 5-HT neurons by IS extends to the mPFC and to morphine as a challenge.

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Individual differences in vulnerability to inescapable shock in rats.

Cited by 51 publications

References 40 publications

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Chronic Fluoxetine Treatment Partly Attenuates the Long-Term Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Induced by MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in Rats

Stressor Controllability Modulates Stress-Induced Dopamine and Serotonin Efflux and Morphine-Induced Serotonin Efflux in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex

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