Individual-group discontinuity as a function of fear and greed.

Abstract

Two studies tested the schema-based distrust interpretation of the tendency of intergroup relations to be more noncooperative (or competitive) than interindividual relations. According to this interpretation, anticipated competitiveness rationally leads to noncooperativeness or defensive withdrawal. Thus, the postulated motivation is fear of the other group's competitive intent. Study 1 was a nonexperimental investigation in which discussion of distrust of another group was assessed and correlated with the number of cooperative choices. As predicted, the greater the within-group discussion of distrust for the other group, the less the number of cooperative choices. Study 2 was an experimental investigation that included as independent variables intergroup versus interindividual relations and PDG matrix versus PDG-Alt matrix (PDG matrix plus a third Alt or withdrawal, choice producing intermediate outcomes regardless of the opponent's choice). As predicted, there were more withdrawal choices on the PDG-Alt matrix for groups than for individuals. However, it was still found that on the PDG-Alt matrix (where a safe withdrawal choice is possible), groups competed more than individuals.

Group Morality and Intergroup Relations: Cross-Cultural and Experimental Evidence

“…Unlike interindividual interactions, intergroup interactions tend to be characterized by greed and fear (Hoyle, Pinkley, & Insko, 1989;Insko, Schopler, Hoyle, Dardis, & Graetz, 1990).…”

How Individual Preferences Get Aggregated in Groups - An Experimental Study

“…Recent papers in economics include Shupp and Williams (2008), Baker, Laury and Williams (2008) and Masclet, Colombier, Denant-Boemont and Loheac (2009). Groups' attitudes towards cooperation and reciprocity were first examined in the context of prisoner's dilemma games: see Pylyshyn, Agnew and Illingworth (1966), Wolosin, Sherman and Maynatt (1975), Lindskold, McElwain and Wayner (1977), Rabbie (1982), Insko, Schopler, Hoyle, Dardis and Graetz (1990), and Schopler and Insko (1992). Wildschut, Pinter, Vevea, Insko and Schopler (2003) provide a meta-analysis of the subject, while Charness, Rigotti and Rustichini (2007) is a more recent contribution in economics.…”

How the Negative Stigma Associated with AIDS Affects Sufferers’

“…Therefore, stigmatized groups may be viewed as out-groups. Research has shown that there is inherent competition between groups resulting in a distrust of the out-group and a need to protect the in-group (Brewer, 2001;Fiske & Ruscher, 1993;Insko, Schopler, Hoyle, Dardis, & Graetz, 1990) Therefore, the stigma of AIDS likely creates an outgroup that diminishes trust even though a logical connection between having AIDS and untrustworthiness is not present. The added factor of homosexual identity likely further contributes to the outgroup status, especially among homophobic individuals.…”