Individual synthetic head models in wound ballistics — A feasibility study based on real cases

Riva, Fabiano; Lombardo, Paolo; Zech, Wolf-Dieter; Jackowski, Christian; Schyma, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.020

Cited by 14 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This is a similar reaction as that of true bone, however not entirely visually comparable. 4. Finally, the failure of the polyurethane pore structure occurs before physical contact with the ammunition and appears to be due to the leading shockwave.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was therefore strongly suggested that the models should not be used as a method to reliably replicate failure on the microscopic scale in ballistic trauma studies [2]. These differences may be accounted for simply due to the structural difference between the materials [4], underpinning the challenge in deploying an accurate analogue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bone-with it's complex underlying microstructure-is no exception; the microstructural network in bone is not only crucial to its integrity, but also provides a pathway for energy dispersion upon impact [1]. Synbone®, a Swiss-made polyurethane bone simulant, has been considered as a potential bone analogue, particularly for cranial structures [2,3,4]. This study focused on long bone models and cylinders available from Synbone®, with the aim of determining their efficacy for use in ballistic testing and recreation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The suitability of Synbone® as a tissue analogue in ballistic impacts

Henwood

Appleby-Thomas

2019

J Mater Sci

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Knowledge of material behaviour under impact is of key importance to understand ballistic impact events on tissue. Bone-with it's complex underlying microstructure-is no exception; the microstructural network in bone is not only crucial to its integrity, but also provides a pathway for energy dispersion upon impact [1]. Synbone®, a Swiss-made polyurethane bone simulant, has been considered as a potential bone analogue, particularly for cranial structures [2,3,4]. This study focused on long bone models and cylinders available from Synbone®, with the aim of determining their efficacy for use in ballistic testing and recreation. Comparisons were made between porcine bone and multiple Synbone® models regarding projectile energy loss and damaged surface area using high-speed video and high-resolution photography.CT and reverse ballistics techniques were also used as diagnostic tools. A significant correlation was made between real bone and Synbone®'s ballistic cylinders in all aspects of this study; however, it was observed that osteoporotic cylinders and anatomical models differ significantly in their reaction to impact.Consequently, the use of Synbone® as a ballistic target simulant-particularly when legal or practical accuracy is essential-will need to be treated carefully, giving due attention to these limitations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The suitability of Synbone® as a tissue analogue in ballistic impacts

Henwood

Appleby-Thomas

2019

J Mater Sci

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“…Other model systems for ballistic experimentation could be adapted for use in molecular ballistics by adding a source of biological material: For example, Riva et al presented individual synthetic head models based on real cases of gunshots to the head by using polyurethane plates, ballistic soap, and gelatin with proportions reflecting the respective victims’ tissues as measured by postmortem CCT [ 70 ]. Thali et al developed a spherical “skin-skull-brain” model comprising a silicon cap containing synthetic leather as skin simulant, a polyurethane sphere to simulate skull bone, and latex and ordnance gelatin as simulants for the periosteum and for brain tissue, respectively [ 71 ].…”

Section: Research Guidementioning

confidence: 99%

Ten years of molecular ballistics—a review and a field guide

Euteneuer

Courts

2021

Int J Legal Med

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Molecular ballistics combines molecular biological, forensic ballistic, and wound ballistic insights and approaches in the description, collection, objective investigation, and contextualization of the complex patterns of biological evidence that are generated by gunshots at biological targets. Setting out in 2010 with two seminal publications proving the principle that DNA from backspatter collected from inside surfaces of firearms can be retreived and successfully be analyzed, molecular ballistics covered a lot of ground until today. In this review, 10 years later, we begin with a comprehensive description and brief history of the field and lay out its intersections with other forensic disciplines like wound ballistics, forensic molecular biology, blood pattern analysis, and crime scene investigation. In an application guide section, we aim to raise consciousness to backspatter traces and the inside surfaces of firearms as sources of forensic evidence. Covering crime scene practical as well as forensic genetic aspects, we introduce operational requirements and lay out possible procedures, including forensic RNA analysis, when searching for, collecting, analyzing, and contextualizing such trace material. We discuss the intricacies and rationales of ballistic model building, employing different tissue, skin, and bone simulants and the advantages of the “triple-contrast” method in molecular ballistics and give advice on how to stage experimental shootings in molecular ballistic research. Finally, we take a look at future applications and prospects of molecular ballistics.

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“…Although they are inanimate objects and their structure differs from that of the human body, their densities are all approximately 1 g/cm 3 , a value close to that of human soft tissues. Ballistic gelatin is the most frequently used homogenous simulant, not only because of its elastic mechanical characteristics are similar to the muscle tissue but also due to its transparency [8][9][10]. The latter property ensures that the motion of the projectile and the formation of the temporary cavity can be recorded by a high-speed camera [1][2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage Evaluation of Ballistic Gelatin Penetrated by Rigid Bullets

Liu

Ma³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Introduction Terminal performance of a bullet in the human body is critical for the treatment of the wounded person and the optimization of the bullet. The effects of the initial velocity and the initial attack angle of the bullet on the terminal performance needs to be investigated.Methods Ballistic gelatin was used to simulate the human body. Rigid 7.62 mm rifle bullets were fired into the gelatin blocks. The damaged gelatin was analyzed using the proposed expansion method. Relations between the damaged gelatin and the initial velocity, the initial attack angle were obtained using the fitting method.Results The damaged gelatin block could be divided into two parts: the less damaged part and the severely damaged part. The length of the less damaged part depends mostly on the initial attack angle. The average damaged area of this part depends on both the initial attack angle and the initial velocity. The cracks contribute significantly to the total volume of damaged gelatin, particularly when the expansion becomes larger than 1.9 mm. The total damaged gelatin increases with the initial velocity, the initial attack angle and the expansion extent. The increasing rate may diminish if the contribution of the cracks to the damaged gelatin is ignored. Conclusions The expansion method is suitable to investigate the influences of factors of the bullet on the terminal performances. The characteristics of the damaged gelatin have a linear relationship with the initial attack angle and the initial velocity of the bullet.

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Individual synthetic head models in wound ballistics — A feasibility study based on real cases

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

The suitability of Synbone® as a tissue analogue in ballistic impacts

The suitability of Synbone® as a tissue analogue in ballistic impacts

Ten years of molecular ballistics—a review and a field guide

Damage Evaluation of Ballistic Gelatin Penetrated by Rigid Bullets

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