Individuals, Schools, and Neighborhood

Zammit, Stanley; Lewis, Glyn; Rasbash, Jon; Dalman, Christina; Gustafsson, Jan‐Eric; Allebeck, Peter

doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.101

Cited by 142 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with previous research suggesting low general neighborhood effects in total population samples, 13 we found that such effects accounted for merely 2% and 3% of variance in schizophrenia and depression, respectively. When we subsequently estimated family-adjusted general neighborhood effects that additionally accounted for the strong familial correlations in neighborhood residence (eg, 79% of the siblings lived in the same neighborhoods at age 15), we observed that neighborhoods did not account for significant variation in schizophrenia but accounted for about 2% in depression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In addition, we found that sibling similarities explained half of the variance in schizophrenia and a fifth of the variance in depression. In line with systematic reviews and population-based studies examining associations of neighborhood influences on nonaffective psychotic disorders and depression, 3,6,10,13,23 population density and neighborhood deprivation predicted both schizophrenia and depression in the population. However, in subsequent analyses of the same associations, when accounting for unobserved familial risk factors by studying differentially exposed cousins and siblings, we found that effects decreased substantially within extended families (cousin comparisons) and were entirely attenuated within nuclear families (sibling comparisons).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Previous neighborhood studies on schizophrenia in Sweden using similar data sets have additionally found negligible effects of both municipalities and primary schools. 13 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Does Population Density and Neighborhood Deprivation Predict Schizophrenia? A Nationwide Swedish Family-Based Study of 2.4 Million Individuals

Sariaslan

Larsson

D’Onofrio

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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People living in densely populated and socially disorganized areas have higher rates of psychiatric morbidity, but the potential causal status of such factors is uncertain. We used nationwide Swedish longitudinal registry data to identify all children born 1967–1989 (n = 2 361 585), including separate datasets for all cousins (n = 1 715 059) and siblings (n = 1 667 894). The nature of the associations between population density and neighborhood deprivation and individual risk for a schizophrenia diagnosis was investigated while adjusting for unobserved familial risk factors (through cousin and sibling comparisons) and then compared with similar associations for depression. We generated familial pedigree structures using the Multi-Generation Registry and identified study participants with schizophrenia and depression using the National Patient Registry. Fixed-effects logistic regression models were used to study within-family estimates. Population density, measured as ln(population size/km2), at age 15 predicted subsequent schizophrenia in the population (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.09; 1.11). Unobserved familial risk factors shared by cousins within extended families attenuated the association (1.06; 1.03; 1.10), and the link disappeared entirely within nuclear families (1.02; 0.97; 1.08). Similar results were found for neighborhood deprivation as predictor and for depression as outcome. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that timing and accumulation effects of the exposures (mean scores across birth, ages 1–5, 6–10, and 11–15 years) did not alter the findings. Excess risks of psychiatric morbidity, particularly schizophrenia, in densely populated and socioeconomically deprived Swedish neighborhoods appear, therefore, to result primarily from unobserved familial selection factors. Previous studies may have overemphasized the etiological importance of these environmental factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

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Does Population Density and Neighborhood Deprivation Predict Schizophrenia? A Nationwide Swedish Family-Based Study of 2.4 Million Individuals

Sariaslan

Larsson

D’Onofrio

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…Having a minority status, in terms of a defining social characteristic that differs from others in a locality, has been associated with an increased risk of mental illness (van Os et al 2010; Zammit et al 2010; Shaw et al 2012). Most studies, to date, define minority status in terms of ethnicity where, as the proportion of ethnic minorities in a locality increases – and thus their minority status decreases – the risk of mental illness is reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minority status and mental distress: a comparison of group density effects

et al. 2016

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BackgroundIt has been observed that mental disorders, such as psychosis, are more common for people in some ethnic groups in areas where their ethnic group is less common. We set out to test whether this ethnic density effect reflects minority status in general, by looking at three situations where individual characteristics differ from what is usual in a locality.MethodUsing data from the South East London Community Health study (n = 1698) we investigated associations between minority status (defined by: ethnicity, household status and occupational social class) and risk of psychotic experiences, common mental disorders and parasuicide. We used a multilevel logistic model to examine cross-level interactions between minority status at individual and neighbourhood levels.ResultsBeing Black in an area where this was less common (10%) was associated with higher odds of psychotic experiences [odds ratio (OR) 1.34 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.67], and attempted suicide (OR 1.84 95% CI 1.19–2.85). Living alone where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences (OR 2.18 95% CI 0.91–5.26), while being in a disadvantaged social class where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of attempted suicide (OR 1.33 95% CI 1.03–1.71). We found no evidence for an association with common mental disorders.ConclusionsThe relationship between minority status and mental distress was most apparent when defined in terms of broad ethnic group but was also observed for individual household status and occupational social class.

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“…However, the concept of social fragmentation captures an important yet often overlooked characteristic of the school environment. Previous research has investigated the role of school social fragmentation on psychotic disorders [36], but its role on physical activity has not yet been explored. School-level social fragmentation could influence physical activity through several mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School Social Fragmentation, Economic Deprivation and Social Cohesion and Adolescent Physical Inactivity: A Longitudinal Study

et al. 2014

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ObjectivesTo examine the independent influence of school economic deprivation, social fragmentation, and social cohesion on the likelihood of participating in no physical activity among students.MethodsData are from a large-scale longitudinal study of schools based in disadvantaged communities in Quebec, Canada. Questionnaires were administered every year between 2002 and 2008 among n = 14,924 students aged 12 to 18 from a sample of 70 schools. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted. Multilevel modeling was utilized to account for the clustering of students within schools. Schools were categorized as being low, moderate or high economic deprivation, social fragmentation and social cohesion. Those who indicated that they do no participate in any physical activity during the week were identified as being physically inactive.ResultsIn baseline multilevel cross-sectional analyses, adolescents attending schools in the highest (compared to the lowest) levels of socioeconomic deprivation and social fragmentation were more likely to be physically inactive (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.72; and OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.98, 1.56, respectively). Conversely, students attending schools with the highest cohesion were less likely to be physically inactive (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.61, 0.99). In longitudinal analysis, physically active students who attended schools with the highest social fragmentation were more likely to become physically inactive over two years (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.51).ConclusionThe school socioeconomic environment appears to be an important contextual influence on participation in no physical activity among adolescents. Following adolescents beyond two years is necessary to determine if these environments have a lasting effect on physical activity behavior.

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Individuals, Schools, and Neighborhood

Cited by 142 publications

References 50 publications

Does Population Density and Neighborhood Deprivation Predict Schizophrenia? A Nationwide Swedish Family-Based Study of 2.4 Million Individuals

Does Population Density and Neighborhood Deprivation Predict Schizophrenia? A Nationwide Swedish Family-Based Study of 2.4 Million Individuals

Minority status and mental distress: a comparison of group density effects

School Social Fragmentation, Economic Deprivation and Social Cohesion and Adolescent Physical Inactivity: A Longitudinal Study

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