Individuation and the Organization in Complex Living Ecosystem: Recursive Integration and Self-assertion by Holon-Lymphocytes

Abstract

Individuation and organization in complex living multi-level ecosystem occurs as dynamical processes from early ontogeny. The notion of living "holon" displaying dynamic self-assertion and integration is used here to explain the ecosystems dynamic processes. The update of the living holon state according to the continuous change of the dynamic system allows for its viability. This is interpreted as adaptation, selection and organization by the human that observes the system at posteriori from its level. Our model concerns the complex dynamics of the adaptive immune system, integrating holon-lymphocytes that collectively preserve the identity and integrity of the organism. Each lymphocyte individualizes as a dynamic holon-lymphocyte, with somatic gene individuation leading to an individual, singular antigen immunoreceptor type, promoting the self-assertion. In turn, the "Immunoception" allows for perception of the environmental antigenic context, thus integration of the holon in its environment. The self-assertion/integration of holon-lymphocyte starts from fetal stages and is influenced by mother Lamarckian acquired historicity transmissions, a requisite for the integrity of the holobiont-organism. We propose a dynamic model of the perception by holon-lymphocyte, and at the supra-clonal level of the immune system functions that sustain the identity and integrity of the holon-holobiont organism.

A multiplicity of statistical models for modeling the degeneracy of living communicating holons

“…In turn, these micro-ecosystems are wired together to constitute macro-ecosystems connecting multicellular organisms in social-ecosystems. State transition models were presented in [1], [2] to account for the complex cell communications characterizing the immune ecosystems [3] and summarized in Figure 1. In these works, state transition models are state-machines whose state-diagram transitions are driven by rules.…”

“…These sensors al-Figure 1: Abstraction of biological communicating living holons, as dynamical systems perceiving fluxes of events, detecting signals and reacting in self-similar networks. As an example (adapted from [3]), a cell is the smallest autonomous living dynamical system that can be modeled as a perceptive/reactive degenerate holon capable of perception, recursive transmission and reconfiguration of its state and functions. A cell is a local observer equipped with a network of thousands of internal and external holon-molecules that can combine together to make the cell integrate internal and external fluxes of changes.…”

“…The concept of holon was previously used in [3] to propose a model communication in the immune system through the notions of holon-cell, holon-lymphocyte and holon-organism. Such a model allowed to consider the recursive self-assertion and integration required for the dynamical individuation of the holon-lymphocytes in the communicating immune system evolving in the changing environment of vertebrate organisms.…”

“…It accounts for the fact that, at each scale of the vertebrate organism and immune system organization (organism, cells, receptors), we face networks of biological agents whose patterns clearly di↵er from one scale to another, but that however interact and communicate via similar processes with similar properties and consequences. Cells equipped with a diversity of molecules displaying a diversity of molecular binding sites are typical examples of biological holons [3], as illustrated by Figure 1.…”

Analysis of liver pathologies in stray dogs in the age aspect (sectional study)

“…The presence of stray animals in megacities or small settlements is the result of human activity. Such animals always live near the human habitation, since there are always food niches [2,3]. In addition, stray dogs have direct contact with representatives of wild fauna [4,5].…”