Indonesia's protected areas need more protection: suggestions from island examples

Bickford, David; Supriatna, Jatna; Andayani, Noviar; Iskandar, Djoko T.; Evans, Ben; Brown, Rafe M.; Townsend, Ted M.; _, Umilaela; Azhari, Deidy; McGuire, Jimmy A.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542169.005

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…2b; Iremonger et al 1997;FAO 2006). Furthermore, many of the region's protected forests are also being degraded and destroyed by illegal logging activities (Curran et al 2004;DeFries et al 2005;Bickford et al 2008b). During the period 1990-2005, many secondary forests in Southeast Asia were also being lost (Fig.…”

Section: Deforestation Rates In Southeast Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The state and conservation of Southeast Asian biodiversity

et al. 2009

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Southeast Asia is a region of conservation concern due to heavy losses of its native habitats. In this overview, we highlight the conservation importance of Southeast Asia by comparing its degree of species endemism and endangerment, and its rate of deforestation with other tropical regions (i.e., Meso-America, South America, and SubSaharan Africa). Southeast Asia contains the highest mean proportion of country-endemic bird (9%) and mammal species (11%). This region also has the highest proportion of threatened vascular plant, reptile, bird, and mammal species. Furthermore, not only is Southeast Asia's annual deforestation rate the highest in the tropics, but it has also increased between the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2005. This could result in projected losses of 13-85% of biodiversity in the region by 2100. Secondary habitat restoration, at least in certain countries, would allow for some amelioration of biodiversity loss and thus potentially lower the currently predicted extinction rates. Nonetheless, urgent conservation actions are needed. Conservation initiatives should include public education, sustaining livelihoods, and ways to enhance the sustainability of agriculture and increase the capacity of conservation institutions. Furthermore, these actions should be country-specific and not ignore areas heavily populated by humans, as they can also harbour high numbers of threatened species. We urge that cooperative conservation initiatives be undertaken and support (e.g., capacity-building) be given by more developed countries in the region and beyond.

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Section: Deforestation Rates In Southeast Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The state and conservation of Southeast Asian biodiversity

et al. 2009

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“…In a perfect world, we would argue for blocks of habitat within each region of endemism, of each primary habitat type, to be conserved, possibly as protected areas. However, when theory meets reality, conservation strategies do not always work as planned, as noted by Bickford et al (2007) in their analysis of Indonesian protected areas. Some conservationists privately voice concerns that, given the current sorry state of affairs within Sulawesi's protected areas, salvaging even 1 protected area might be a great deal to ask.…”

Section: Implications For Sulawesi Biogeography Mode Of Speciation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Phylogenetics and Chronometrics of Tarsiidae Based on 12S mtDNA Haplotypes: Evidence for Miocene Origins of Crown Tarsiers and Numerous Species within the Sulawesian Clade

et al. 2010

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We report new mitochondrial DNA sequence data from tarsiers sampled from several populations, including the extreme northeast and southwest of the range of the Tarsius tarsier species complex, the most extensive sampling ever reported for this taxon. Our results provide the opportunity to produce the first ever molecular chronometric analysis of Tarsiidae. These results date the age of crown tarsiers, minimally, to the middle Miocene, and each of the 3 tarsier species groups, Tarsius bancanus, T. syrichta, and the T. tarsier complex, to the early or middle Miocene. Thus, each of these 3 species has evolved in isolation for a period of time that is consistent with that which would be expected for multiple speciation events. Our analysis of the Tarsius tarsier complex reveals 5 subclades, each of which is interpreted to represent a haplogroup at, or above, the species level, a result that is consistent with current hypotheses about numerous cryptic species within this species complex. The implications for conservation within the Sulawesi biogeographic region are that Sulawesi is subdivided into numerous subregions of Int endemism and that, by extrapolating the example of cryptic tarsier species to other taxa, biodiversity may be underestimated by an order of magnitude. The practical realties of conservation in Sulawesi are such that it is most reasonable to assume that anthropogenic extinctions are occurring, and that some species will go extinct before they have even been identified.

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“…Owing to unprecedented loss of tropical forests and ensuing biotic extinctions (Castelletta et al 2000;Brook et al 2003), * Correspondence: Dr N. Sodhi email: dbsns@nus.edu.sg protected areas (PAs) are vital for the conservation of residual biodiversity (Kramer et al 1997). However, human-driven loss and degradation of tropical forests both within and outside their borders are compromising the ecological integrity of PAs (Curran et al 2004;DeFries et al 2005;Bickford et al 2008). In addition to habitat loss in PAs (Kinnaird et al 2003), illegal resource extraction such as hunting (Milner-Gulland et al 2003) is exacerbating the ongoing biodiversity crisis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In South-east Asia, the Republic of Indonesia epitomizes one of the worst-case scenarios of seemingly irreconcilable PA-human conflict (Bickford et al 2008). Even though the national PA network was established by adopting the best principles of conservation biology (Pressey et al 1993;Jepson et al 2001), an ambitious national-scale transmigration project resettled large human populations from overcrowded areas such as Java to the edges of PAs on less populous islands such as Sulawesi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of local people's attitude toward conservation and the consequential effects on illegal resource harvesting in the protected areas of Sulawesi (Indonesia)

2009

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SUMMARYThe exploitation of tropical forest resources is a key driver of the current biodiversity crisis, and it is pivotal to understand human attitudes toward conservation and resource harvesting. This paper investigates effects of interactions, perceptions of protected areas (PAs) and sociodemographic variables on conservation attitudes, and the correlates of illegal resource extraction among 660 households from 33 villages bordering eight PAs on Sulawesi (Indonesia). Mixed-effect multiple regression analyses showed that the most important predictors of the support for PAs included the degree of involvement in management, presence/absence of PA-human conflict, perceived sustainability of forest resources and length of residency in Sulawesi. Notably, active participation in community management by transmigrants and the reconciliation of land-rights conflicts for natives may promote favourable conservation attitudes. Ordination and correlation analyses also revealed that the extent of illegal resource harvesting activities, such as hunting and logging, were significantly influenced by a negative conservation attitude and past conflict with PA establishment. Garnering support for PAs through conservation education and resolving land-rights disputes could potentially alleviate illegal resource extraction. The disparity in resource extraction patterns among the villages across all PAs confirms the importance of adopting site-specific conservation strategies that may make PAs across the biologically unique yet critically threatened Indonesian Archipelago more effective.

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Indonesia's protected areas need more protection: suggestions from island examples

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

The state and conservation of Southeast Asian biodiversity

The state and conservation of Southeast Asian biodiversity

Molecular Phylogenetics and Chronometrics of Tarsiidae Based on 12S mtDNA Haplotypes: Evidence for Miocene Origins of Crown Tarsiers and Numerous Species within the Sulawesian Clade

Determinants of local people's attitude toward conservation and the consequential effects on illegal resource harvesting in the protected areas of Sulawesi (Indonesia)

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