Indonesian Learners' Attitudes Towards Speakers of English

Motivational Orientations in Under-researched FLL Contexts

“…The students see English as an important tool for obtaining interesting wellpaid jobs, and name earning more money as their number one reason for studying. This finding reflects the assertions of previous studies in Indonesia, which conclude that Indonesians tend towards those orientations that were labelled as instrumental (Gould 1977;Setiawan 1997;Widyaningrum 2003). Unfortunately more meaningful comparisons cannot be made between these studies and the present findings, as the previous researchers did not seek to define all of their students' orientations toward learning English and drew only tenuous conclusions from small sets of under-analysed data.…”

“…Six-point scales were used to ensure that the respondents, eager not to offend the teacherresearcher, did not rely heavily on the 'neutral' middle category. This reflects the methodology of Gould (1977) in Indonesia. The items in the questionnaire, which can be seen listed (in abbreviated form) in the variable column of Table 2, were adapted from those used by previous studies of L2 motivation in FLL contexts, specifically, Clément and Kruidenier (1983), Clément et al (1994), Dörnyei (1990) and McClelland (2000).…”

“…Despite these advances in orientation theory, the intuitively convincing perception of an integrative/instrumental dichotomy persists and is particularly common among professionals in Asia (see, for example, Azami 1998;Gould 1977;Shaw 1983). The body of research identifying moti-vational orientations of Asia's students learning English as a foreign language (EFL) is growing, with much of the research conducted among Japanese learners of English.…”

“…It has been generally concluded that as curriculum changes have advocated different methods of teaching, and have set different goals, the failure of English teaching in Indonesia lies less with the curriculum, and more in such matters as teacher qualifications and welfare, classroom size, and student motivation (cf. Dardjowidjojo 1997;Gould 1977;Madya 2002;Ramelan 1988;Sadtono 1976;Suharmanto 2003;Wibawa 1988).…”

“…More importantly they suffer from discussion that solely references Gardner's two-factor framework and generally conclude that Indonesian university students are instrumentally motivated (e.g. Gould 1977;Setiawan 1997;Widyaningrum 2003). This study seeks to expand our understanding of the orientations of foreign language students, and also hopes to provide relevant information to capitalize on the new opportunities in Indonesia by identifying orientations to the process of learning English held by Indonesian university students.…”