Indoor air pollution from cook-stoves during Injera baking in Ethiopia, exposure, and health risk assessment

Human exposure to indoor air pollution in Ethiopian households

“…Also, a study by Embiale et al. (2019 , 2020b , and 2021 ) assessed PM 10 concentration during injera baking, wot or stew preparation, and sitting in the living room under different seasons showed that the mean concentration was higher during injera baking in the wet season, 389 μg/m 3 , and lower in the living room, 80.2 μg/m 3 which exceeded WHO standard for annual exposure of 20 μg/m 3 , Figure 3 . The maximum total suspended matter (TSP) mean concentration was recorded in Anelimo woreda (rural area), 6821.74 μg/m 3 , in a household where the mixed cooking stove is widely common ( Tadesse, 2015 ), whereas the minimum concentration was recorded in Addis Ababa, 101.57 μg/m 3 , in the living room ( Embiale et al., 2020a ).…”

“…The relationships between IAQ and ventilation differ depending on where the principal source of each pollutant is located (outdoor vs. indoor) and whether the source is related to occupant activity or continuous emission ( Canha et al., 2016 ). When compared to their contemporaries, households utilizing just traditional stoves and not keeping the door or window open had much higher mean concentrations ( Embiale et al., 2019 , 2021 ; Okello et al., 2018 ; Sanbata et al., 2014a ; Tadesse, 2015 ).…”

“…Compared to other pollutants, particulate matters (PM) were studied the most where thirty-eight mean concentration values were analyzed for PM 2.5 ( Adane et al., 2021 ; Admasie, 2019 ; Downward et al., 2018 ; Edlund, 2019 ; Embiale et al., 2020a , 2021 ; Graham, 2011 ; Okello et al., 2018 ; Pennise et al., 2009 ; Sanbata et al., 2014a ; Tamire et al., 2021 ; Zwaag, 2016 ), PM 4 ( Keil et al., 2010 ), PM 10 ( Embiale et al., 2019 , 2020b , 2021 ), and TSP ( Embiale et al., 2019 , 2020a , 2021 ; Keil et al., 2010 ; Tadesse, 2015 ). The calculated mean average concentration for PM 2.5 was 477.47 μg/m 3 in the households of Ethiopia as shown in Figure 3 and Table S1.…”

“… Embiale et al. (2019 and 2021) found that the level of IAP can vary depending on both the dry and wet seasons, besides the activities performed indoors. As shown in Table 2 , the pollutants' mean concentration is higher in the dry season for PM 2.5 and PM 10 during wot preparation.…”

High Levels of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations from Burning Solid Fuels in Rural Households of Butajira, Ethiopia

“…The more complete burning process and combustion using improved cookstoves has the potential to reduce pollution levels. Evidence from previous studies in different parts of the world, and Ethiopia, indicate that locally available improved cookstoves had lower emissions of particulate matter and reduced household air pollution [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. This was also supported by the participants of our previous qualitative research from the same community who witnessed that cooking using improved cookstoves reduced the problem of wood smoke [ 41 ].…”