2010
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8663-1_2
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Indoor Air Pollution

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Cited by 10 publications
(5 citation statements)
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References 139 publications
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“…The use of incense and candles has been reported to increase household PM 2.5 levels and were significant contributors to PM 2.5 levels in our sample. The use of incense is a common cultural practice in South Africa .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 57%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The use of incense and candles has been reported to increase household PM 2.5 levels and were significant contributors to PM 2.5 levels in our sample. The use of incense is a common cultural practice in South Africa .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 57%
“…In those homes using either kerosene or LPG, the pollutant range was 28‐162 μg/m 3 . It has also been reported that even when using electric stoves, more fine particles are emitted from cooking methods such as frying and grilling when compared to boiling . This could explain the high PM 2.5 levels observed in some of the households that cooked during the day of monitoring irrespective of the type of fuel that was used.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Urban air is an umbrella concept, combining outdoor and indoor air. In addition to the significant temporal and spatial variability of outdoor concentrations, scientific evidence has shown that indoor environment plays a significant role in personal exposure to air pollution, where urban populations spend large fractions of their time throughout life [ 33 , 41 , 42 ]. It is known that most people in European cities spend on average about 80–90% of their time indoors, 1–7% in a vehicle, and only 2–7% outdoors [ 43 , 44 ].…”
Section: What Are the Key Elements Of Personal Exposure Assessmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Artisanal cookware makers use scrap metal including used car and motorbike engine parts, waste aluminum and computer components to make cookware [ 24 , 25 ]. It is well known that PM and its elemental components are virtually always present in particle-generating processes, especially combustion processes [ 28 ]. For example, during hand-made cookware operations, PM and elemental components are produced through the combustion process to cast liquid aluminum into cookware [ 24 , 26 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%