Nearly three billion people still
rely on traditional solid fuels
for daily activities, which emit large amounts of many hazardous air
pollutants, as well as CO2 indoors. Indoor CO2 should not be just a proxy for air exchange, as elevated CO2 exposure could pose a variety of direct risks to human health,
including mental and physiological diseases. Here, we evaluated indoor
CO2 levels in rural coal-use households to test the hypothesis
that the incremental CO2 associated with indoor coal use
may result in chronic exposure close to harmful levels. Significantly
elevated daily concentrations of indoor CO2 were observed
of 750 ± 230 ppm indoors in comparison with that outdoors. More
than 12% of the daily data exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, with
a maximum of up to 2960 ppm, at which level a variety of health risks
can potentially occur. Internal sources contributed ∼280 ppm
to indoor CO2 exposure during the heating period, wherein
∼50% was from coal combustion. The study sheds light on the
crucial role of the widespread exposure to indoor CO2 and
collaboration efforts in considering CO2 as an indoor air
pollutant.