Indoor CO2 measurements in Serbian schools and ventilation rate calculation

Turanjanin, Valentina; Vučićević, Biljana; Jovanović, Marina; Mirkov, Nikola; Lazović, Ivan

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.10.028

Cited by 113 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…VRs in schools have been estimated using steady‐state, decay, build‐up, and simulation methods. These studies, as well as the present analysis, show that few classrooms meet recommended minimum VRs, highlighting the gap between design or code guidelines and actual building performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation rates in recently constructed U.S. school classrooms

Batterman

Wald

et al. 2017

Indoor Air

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Low ventilation rates (VRs) in schools have been associated with absenteeism, poorer academic performance, and teacher dissatisfaction. We measured VRs in 37 recently constructed or renovated and mechanically ventilated U.S. schools, including LEED and EnergyStar-certified buildings, using CO and the steady-state, build-up, decay, and transient mass balance methods. The transient mass balance method better matched conditions (specifically, changes in occupancy) and minimized biases seen in the other methods. During the school day, air change rates (ACRs) averaged 2.0±1.3 hour , and only 22% of classrooms met recommended minimum ventilation rates. HVAC systems were shut off at the school day close, and ACRs dropped to 0.21±0.19 hour . VRs did not differ by building type, although cost-cutting and comfort measures resulted in low VRs and potentially impaired IAQ. VRs were lower in schools that used unit ventilators or radiant heating, in smaller schools and in larger classrooms. The steady-state, build-up, and decay methods had significant limitations and biases, showing the need to confirm that these methods are appropriate. Findings highlight the need to increase VRs and to ensure that energy saving and comfort measures do not compromise ventilation and IAQ.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation rates in recently constructed U.S. school classrooms

Batterman

Wald

et al. 2017

Indoor Air

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“…As presented in the literature [19], in naturally ventilated buildings indoor air quality is in very close correlation with the quality of outdoor air and indoor contaminants. In the auditory room main pollution comes from occupants.…”

Section: Results Of Measurements and Calculations Of Co2 Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 63%

Research of CO₂concentration in naturally ventilated lecture room

Laska

Dudkiewicz

2017

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. Naturally ventilated buildings especially dedicated for educational purposes need to be design to achieve required level of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. It is crucial in terms of both: health and productivity of the room users. Higher requirements of indoor environment are important due to the level of students concentration, their ability to acquire new knowledge and willingness to interact with the lecturer. The article presents the results of experimental study and surveys undertaken in naturally ventilated lecture room. The data is analysed in terms of CO2 concentration and its possible influence on users. Furthermore the outcome of the research is compared with the CO2 concentration models available in the literature.

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“…After the end of classes when the CO2 concentrations present a maximum value, the rate of concentration reduction of the CO2 is measured [22]. The formula (2) of AER that has been proposed by [23] in general form and simplified by [24] for the case of CO2 is:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Conditions in a Primary School with a Green Roof System

Barmparesos

Assimakopoulos

et al. 2018

Atmosphere

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This paper presents experimental results from a typical school building in Athens, equipped partly with a green roof system (GRS). Environmental monitoring took place in six classrooms located both under the concrete roof and the GRS sectors as well as in the immediate external environment during the warm and cold periods of a school year. Daily measurements of pollutants CO 2 , TVOCs (Total Volatile Organic Compound), PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 were performed in selected classes. Moreover, indoor ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) measurements were implemented in order to estimate the absolute humidity (AH) and assess the indoor environmental conditions. The results highlight that during summer, the GRS reduces temperature in a classroom on the top floor by about 2.8 • C, in comparison with the respective classroom under the concrete roof and that AH remained relatively stable for both classrooms. Amid winter, a reverse behavior occurs only for temperature. Moreover, air exchange rates (AER) were calculated by using the CO 2 decay method for all of the classrooms. The results demonstrated insufficient ventilation for all experimental sights. Finally, concentrations of PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 , were found to be relatively decreased, with average values of 0.79, 3.39, and 27.80 µg m −3 . Levels of CO 2 and TVOCs were elevated during class hours ranging from 469 to 779 ppm and from 6.63 ppm to 13.33 ppm, respectively, but generally within the respective limits of exposure. The examination of the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of air pollutants, demonstrated that the outdoor meteorology affects only PM 1 and PM 2.5 , as PM 10 and TVOCs are strongly affected by internal sources and the activities of pupils.

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Indoor CO2 measurements in Serbian schools and ventilation rate calculation

Cited by 113 publications

References 14 publications

Ventilation rates in recently constructed U.S. school classrooms

Ventilation rates in recently constructed U.S. school classrooms

Research of CO₂concentration in naturally ventilated lecture room

Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Conditions in a Primary School with a Green Roof System

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Indoor CO2 measurements in Serbian schools and ventilation rate calculation

Cited by 113 publications

References 14 publications

Ventilation rates in recently constructed U.S. school classrooms

Ventilation rates in recently constructed U.S. school classrooms

Research of CO2concentration in naturally ventilated lecture room

Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Conditions in a Primary School with a Green Roof System

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Product

Resources

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Research of CO₂concentration in naturally ventilated lecture room