Indoor deposition reducing the effect of toxic gas clouds in ordinary buildings

Karlsson, Edvard

doi:10.1016/0304-3894(94)90030-2

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For context, two literature reports on chlorine deposition (indoor environments [24] and onto alfalfa plants [25]) demonstrate that chlorine is deposited at a rate similar to other moderately reactive gases (e.g. ozone and sulfur dioxide).…”

Section: The Resistance Theory Of Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of deposition in limiting the hazard extent of dense-gas plumes

Dillon

2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Accidents that involve large (multi-ton) releases of toxic industrial chemicals and form dense-gas clouds often yield far fewer fatalities, casualties and environmental effects than standard assessment and emergency response models predict. This modeling study, which considers both dense-gas turbulence suppression and deposition to environmental objects (e.g. buildings), demonstrates that dry deposition to environmental objects may play a significant role in reducing the distance at which adverse impacts occur--particularly under low-wind, stable atmospheric conditions which are often considered to be the worst-case scenario for these types of releases. The degree to which the released chemical sticks to (or reacts with) environmental surfaces is likely a key parameter controlling hazard extents. In all modeled cases, the deposition to vertical surfaces of environmental objects (e.g. building walls) was more efficient in reducing atmospheric chemical concentrations than deposition to the earth's surface. This study suggests that (1) hazard extents may vary widely by release environment (e.g. grasslands vs. suburbia) and release conditions (e.g. sunlight or humidity may change the rate at which chemicals react with a surface) and (2) greenbelts (or similar structures) may dramatically reduce the impacts of large-scale releases. While these results are demonstrated to be qualitatively consistent with the downwind extent of vegetation damage in two chlorine releases, critical knowledge gaps exist and this study provides recommendations for additional experimental studies.

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Section: The Resistance Theory Of Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of deposition in limiting the hazard extent of dense-gas plumes

Dillon

2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Without these processes, the event would have been far more tragic than it was. Dry deposition has also been shown to be capable of significantly reducing the indoor concentration of toxic gases released outdoors [15][16] especially at low ventilation rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic gas clouds: Effects and implications of dry deposition on concentration

Jonsson

Karlsson

Thaning

2005

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…We know of no published work that experimentally investigates the penetration of reactive gases through leaks in building envelopes. However, Karlsson (1994) has briefly considered this phenomenon from a modeling perspective in the context of assessing exposure in buildings caused by accidental releases of toxic gases or attacks with chemical warfare agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes

Liu

Nazaroff

2001

Atmospheric Environment

236

169

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As air infiltrates through unintentional openings in building envelopes, pollutants may interact with adjacent surfaces. Such interactions can alter human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. We present modeling explorations of the proportion of particles and reactive gases (e.g., ozone) that penetrate building envelopes as air enters through cracks and wall cavities. Calculations were performed for idealized rectangular cracks, assuming regular geometry, smooth inner crack surface and steady airflow. Particles of 0.1-1.0 [im diameter are predicted to have the highest penetration efficiency, nearly unity for crack heights of 0.25 mm or larger, assuming a pressure difference of 4 Pa or greater and a flow path length of 3 cm or less. Supermicron and ultrafine particles are significantly removed by means of gravitational settling and Brownian diffusion, respectively. In addition to crack geometry, ozone penetration depends on its reactivity with crack surfaces, as parameterized by the reaction probability. For reaction probabilities less than ~ 10" 5

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Indoor deposition reducing the effect of toxic gas clouds in ordinary buildings

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

The role of deposition in limiting the hazard extent of dense-gas plumes

The role of deposition in limiting the hazard extent of dense-gas plumes

Toxic gas clouds: Effects and implications of dry deposition on concentration

Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes

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