Indoor PM10 and its heavy metal composition at a roadside residential environment, Phitsanulok, Thailand

Abstract

RESUMENSe midieron concentraciones de PM 10 tanto en interiores como exteriores en 10 edificios residenciales de Phitsanulok, Tailandia, durante las temporadas de seca y lluvias de 2014. Además, se analizaron siete metales traza en el PM 10 : Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu y Cr. Las concentraciones mensuales intra y extramuros de PM 10 fueron de 41.5 a 105.3 µg m -3 y de 95.2 a 145.1 µg m -3 , respectivamente. Las concentraciones de PM 10 fueron significativamente mayores durante la temporada seca, en comparación con la temporada húmeda. Las razones interior/exterior fueron menores a uno, lo cual indica que el material particulado se origina en ambientes exteriores. En general, las concentraciones medias de metales pesados en el PM 10 variaron de 0.2 a 2.7 y de 0.5 a 7.1 µg m -3 para el ambiente interior y el exterior, respectivamente. En el PM 10 de interiores se encontró una fuerte correlación positiva entre Zn y Cu, Zn y Ni, y Cu y Ni. Asimismo, se encontró una fuerte correlación entre Zn y Ni, Pb y Cu, Cu y Ni, Cd y Ni, y Zn y Cu en exteriores. Los factores de enriquecimiento de Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr y Ni fueron menores a uno, lo cual sugiere que los metales en el PM 10 de interiores se originaron en materiales de la corteza. En cuanto a la valoración de riesgos sanitarios, se determinó mediante una evaluación de riesgos con un sistema integrado de información, que el Cr implica el mayor riesgo de cáncer. ABSTRACTThe concentrations of PM 10 were measured both indoors and outdoors at 10 roadside residential buildings in Phitsanulok, Thailand during the dry and wet seasons of 2014. Seven trace metals (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr) were also analysed in PM 10 . The monthly average concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM 10 were 41.5 to 105.3 µg m -3 and 95.2 to 145.1 µg m -3 , respectively. PM 10 concentrations were significantly higher during the dry season compared to the wet season. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios were less than one indicating that the particulate matter originates from the outdoor environment. Overall, the average concentrations of heavy metals in PM 10 ranged from 0.2 to 2.7 µg m -3 and 0.5 to 7.1 µg m -3 for the indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. A strong positive correlation in indoor PM 10 was found between Zn and Cu, Zn and Ni, and Cu and Ni. Zn and Ni, Pb and Cu, Cu and Ni, Cd and Ni, and Zn and Cu showed strong positive correlations in the outdoor environment. The enrichment factors of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni were less than one suggesting that the metals in indoor PM 10 have originated from crustal materials. For the health risk assessment, Cr was found to have the highest excess cancer risk in an evaluation using an Integrated Risk Information System.

Assessment of Levels of Heavy Metals in Paints from Interior Walls and Indoor Dust from Residential Houses in Nairobi City County, Kenya

“…Pb-Cr (r = .677) and Cr-Zn (r = .461) have strong correlation while Pb-Cd (r = .223), Cr-Cd (r = .332), and Pb-Zn (r = .226) have moderate correlations with Cd-Zn (r = .142) having a very weak correlation. This indicates a common origin for the heavy metals [7,31] in the paint chips which could be due to the manufacturers. On the other hand, for the dust samples positive correlation was in Pb-Zn (r = .397) of weak correlation and Cr-Zn (r = .165) very weak correlation with the other pairs giving a negative weak correlation Cd-Zn (r = -384), Cr-Cd (r = -.355), Pb-Cd (r = -.247), and Pb-Cr (r = -.232).…”

“…On the other hand, for the dust samples positive correlation was in Pb-Zn (r = .397) of weak correlation and Cr-Zn (r = .165) very weak correlation with the other pairs giving a negative weak correlation Cd-Zn (r = -384), Cr-Cd (r = -.355), Pb-Cd (r = -.247), and Pb-Cr (r = -.232). The weak to very weak strength of the correlation between the elemental pairs is due to possible independent varying sources of each element [3] in the environment such as Pb-based paints for Pb, galvanized steel materials for Zn [31], road…”

Cooking/Window Opening and Associated Increases of Indoor PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations of Children’s Houses in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

“…Thus, the main combustion products of vehicular engines such as CO, NO X , etc. entering the houses through cracks and windows might be the reason why the indoor concentrations of CO, CO 2 , and NO 2 were higher than outdoor concentrations [15,16].…”

Characterization and in vitro biological effects of ambient air PM10 from a rural, an industrial and an urban site in Sulaimani City, Iraq

“…This hypothesis correlates with the larger number of small particles contained in these two samples. The metals Cr, Cu, Fe and Mn in PM are reported to come from engine and break wear, whereas metals like Ni, Cr, Cd and Al derive from municipal waste burning outdoors, alloys in automobiles as well as from burning coal (Srithawirat, Latif, and Sulaiman 2016). Zinc in urban environments may be released as corrosion products from galvanized steel road equipment, such as crash barriers, road signs and lamp posts, or may be released by tire wear (Sommer et al 2018; Gunawardana et al 2012).…”