Indoor Residual Spraying in Combination with Insecticide-Treated Nets Compared to Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone for Protection against Malaria: A Cluster Randomised Trial in Tanzania

West, Philippa; Protopopoff, Natacha; Wright, Alexandra; Kivaju, Zuhura; Tigererwa, Robinson; Mosha, Franklin W.; Kisinza, William; Rowland, Mark; Kleinschmidt, Immo

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001630

Cited by 141 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Entirely, variation in species and behavioral traits, climatic factors, difference in concentrations of insecticides, formulation, sprayed surfaces, type of feeding (indoor or outdoor) and social acceptability can affect the durability of insecticides [39,42]. Applying IRS in combination with ITNs (insecticide-treated nets) provided protective effect compared to using either interventions alone [43]. As the coverage percentage of ITNs rised, the incidence rate of malaria began to decline in Sarbaz county, southern Iran [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Field Practices of Lambdacyhalothrin and Deltamethrin Insecticides Against Adult Mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi as the Main Vector of Malaria: Residual Effects

Khosravani

Rafatpanah

Amiri

et al. 2017

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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Background: Various chemical control methods have adopted in anti-malaria interventions. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been proven as a candidate in elimination program. On the other hand, resistance to multiple insecticides was implicated as a concern issue in these polices. Pesticides should be evaluated to identify probable resistant and make decision to choose a technique against vectors. Methods:In this cross-sectional study, Bioassay test applied on lambdacyhalothrin WP 10% (0.05 mg a.i. /m 2 ) and deltamethrin WP 5% (0.05 mg a.i./m 2 ) on two surfaces (cement and plaster) against adult mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi according to WHO criteria to measure the residual activity in Saravan county, southern Iran. Overall, 3960 mosquitoes was used in our research. The mortality rates of An.stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) measured between selected surfaces and insecticides in several times. Data analyzed by Mann-Whitney (nonparametric test) using SPSS v22 statistic software.Results: This paper illustrated that maximal course of residual efficacy was about 3 months. No statistically significant different was exhibited between type of surface within mortality rates of An. Stephensi (P = 0.724) but lambdacyhalothrin has more durability than deltamethrin Conclusions:We established that lambdacyhalothrin can be used into control and elimination setting of malaria with two rounds of spray at an interval of 3-4 months in south of Iran.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Field Practices of Lambdacyhalothrin and Deltamethrin Insecticides Against Adult Mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi as the Main Vector of Malaria: Residual Effects

Khosravani

Rafatpanah

Amiri

et al. 2017

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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“…[35][36][37][38] Malaria prevention and effective treatment measures have dramatically expanded in the past decade. Although the UMIS was the first national survey to assess malaria prevalence in Uganda, the prevalence of malaria likely decreased during this interim given the rapid scaleup of malaria control activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anemia Among Children Under 5 Years of Age—Uganda, 2009

Menon

Yoon

2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Anemia in children under 5 years of age, defined by the World Health Organization as a hemoglobin concentration < 11 g/dL, is a global public health problem. According to the 2006 Demographic Health Survey, the prevalence of anemia among children under five in Uganda was 72% in 2006. The 2009 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey was conducted in late 2009 and revealed that over 60% of children less than 5 years of age were anemic and that over half of children tested positive for malaria via a rapid diagnostic test. Children with concomitant malaria infection, and in households without any type of mosquito net were more likely to be anemic, confirming that children under 5 years, are vulnerable to both the threat of malaria and anemia and the beneficial effect of malaria prevention tools. However, prevention and treatment of other factors associated with the etiology of anemia (e.g., iron deficiency) are likely necessary to combat the toll of anemia in Uganda.

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“…Hayes and Moulton [24] outline several methods for reducing contamination, including ensuring clusters are well separated, using a buffer zone so there is no common boundary between intervention and control clusters, as shown in a larval source management study conducted in Tanzania [59], or a 'fried-egg' design where the intervention and control are administered throughout the cluster but only the central portion is used for outcome measurement [60]. When designing these types of studies it is, therefore, important to have an estimate of how far the vector is likely to fly in seeking a blood meal or a breeding site.…”

Section: Selection Of Sites For Entomological Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials

Wilson

Boelaert

Kleinschmidt

et al. 2015

Trends in Parasitology

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126

151

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Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis cause a high level of morbidity and mortality. Although vector control tools can play a major role in controlling and eliminating these diseases, in many cases the evidence base for assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions is limited or not available. Studies assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions are often poorly conducted, which limits the return on investment of research funding. Here we outline the principal design features of Phase III vector control field studies, highlight major failings and strengths of published studies, and provide guidance on improving the design and conduct of vector control studies. We hope that this critical assessment will increase the impetus for more carefully considered and rigorous design of vector control studies.Evidence-based policy making on vector control VBDs such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality and fall disproportionately on the poorest communities in the developing world [1-4]. One of the key methods by which VBDs can be controlled and eliminated is through vector control [5-10]; for example, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for malaria or indoor residual spraying (IRS) for Chagas disease.Development of vector control interventions follows a multistage process [11] (Figure 1). First, a draft target product profile should be generated. This document guides the development process by outlining the features and performance targets of the intended vector control tool. The next step is demonstrating the proof of concept by conducting Phase I studies (laboratory assays to determine the mode of action) and Phase II (semi-field and small-scale field) studies, which generally have entomological end points. Large-scale Phase III field studies (efficacy studies) (see Glossary) are then conducted, which measure the efficacy of the vector control tool against epidemiological outcomes when implemented under optimal conditions. Based on the results of Phase III trials, the World Health Organization (WHO) will make recommendations for pilot implementation. These Phase IV studies will assess the effectiveness of the vector control tool when it is delivered and used operationally (i.e., under 'real-world' conditions), as well as collecting information on feasibility, distribution mechanisms, acceptability, economics, and safety. Information gathered from the Phase III and IV studies will enable the WHO to draw up policy recommendations and, in parallel, member states will develop country-level policy.Evidence-based policy making on vector control tools is now regarded as essential and is adopted by the WHO [12,13] (Box 1). The quality of evidence on vector control interventions from epidemiological trials or systematic reviews needs to be rated before recommendations and policy can be formulated. Since 2008, the WHO has adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology fo...

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Indoor Residual Spraying in Combination with Insecticide-Treated Nets Compared to Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone for Protection against Malaria: A Cluster Randomised Trial in Tanzania

Abstract: Philippa West and colleagues compare Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in children, anemia in young children, and entomological inoculation rate between study arms. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Cited by 141 publications

References 37 publications

The Field Practices of Lambdacyhalothrin and Deltamethrin Insecticides Against Adult Mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi as the Main Vector of Malaria: Residual Effects

The Field Practices of Lambdacyhalothrin and Deltamethrin Insecticides Against Adult Mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi as the Main Vector of Malaria: Residual Effects

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anemia Among Children Under 5 Years of Age—Uganda, 2009

Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials

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